SR-09-10-2013-9ACity of City Council Report
Santa Monica
City Council Meeting: September 10, 2013
Agenda Item: c-1.
To: Mayor and City Council
From: Martin Pastucha, Director of Public Works
Subject: Report on Water Quality and Public Health Goals
Recommended Action
Staff recommends that the City Council:
1. Hold a public hearing, receive public comments on the attached City of Santa
Monica Water Quality Report Relative to the Public Health Goals (Attachment A),
and accept the report.
2. Affirm that the above recommended action related to the City's 2013 report on
water quality are exempt from review pursuant to the California Environmental
Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines Section 15061 (b).
Executive Summary
Provisions of the California Health and Safety Code section 116470 require public water
systems serving more than 10,000 customers to prepare a report every three years that
includes information on the detection of any elements in the water at levels above
Public Health Goals (PHGs) or the equivalent Maximum Contaminant Level Goals
(MCLGs). PHGs are adopted by the State Office of Environmental Health Hazard
Assessment and MCLGs are set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). A public hearing is required to accept and receive public comments on the
report.
Staff has prepared the attached report (Attachment A) to provide information on the
quality of its drinking water supply relative to adopted PHGs and MCLGs. Staff has also
prepared a brief summary of the report (Attachment B).
Discussion
The California Department of Public Health and the EPA are responsible for setting
regulations and drinking water standards and goals. Drinking water goals include PHGs
and MCLGs. PHGs are set by the State Office of Environmental Health Hazard
Assessment and they are the recommended target levels. MCLGs are set by EPA and
are the levels of contaminants in drinking water below which there is no known or
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expected risk to public health. Both PHGs and MCLGs are not water quality standards
and they are not required to be met by any public water system. PHGs and MCLGs are
goals identifying extremely small risks. One person in one million would be at risk to a
contaminant based on assessments made using assumptions and theoretical
extrapolations.
Drinking water standards are referenced as Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and
Notification Levels (NLs). MCLs are the highest level of a contaminant allowed in
drinking water. They are set as closely to PHGs and. MCLGs as economically and
technically feasible. MCLs are enforceable water quality standards that public water
systems must meet. NLs are the concentrations of a contaminant which, if exceeded,
triggers treatment or other requirements that public water systems must follow. The
City's drinking water supply complies with all Federal and State drinking water
standards.
The attached report (Attachment A) has been prepared pursuant to the requirements of
the State Health and Safety Code. The report compares the quality of the City's
groundwater and imported supplies with PHGs and MCLGs. The water quality of the
City of Santa Monica's water system complies with all of the health -based drinking
water standards established by the California Department of Public Health and EPA.
Substances in the City's water supply are below the applicable MCLs required by these
regulatory agencies and no additional actions are recommended for the treatment of the
City's potable water supply. Copies of the report are available for public review at the
City Clerk's office, the Water Resources Division office, the Main Library, and online at
http://www.smaov.net/departments/publicworks/water.asr)x. A public notice advising of
the availability of the report was published in the Santa Monica Daily Press on Tuesday,
August 27, 2013.
Environmental Analysis
The City of Santa Monica Report on Water Quality Relative to Public Health Goals is
categorically exempt from the California Water Quality Act (CEQA) as a Class 8
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exemption (Section 15308 of the CEQA Guidelines), actions by regulatory agencies for
the protection of the environment.
Financial Impacts & Budget Actions
There is no immediate financial impact or budget action necessary as a result of the
recommended action.
Prepared by: Gil Borboa, P.E., Water Resources Manager
Approved:
Martin Pastucha
- Director of Public Works
Forwarded to Council:
Rod Gould
City Manager
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Attachments:
A - City of Santa Monica Report on Water Quality and Public Health Goals, June 2013
B - Summary of City of Santa Monica Report on Water Quality and Public Health Goals
ATTACHMENT A
CITY OF SANTA MONICA
REPORT ON WATER QUALITY
RELATIVE TO PUBLIC HEALTH GOALS
June 2013
City of
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The California legislature has established the concept of a Public Health Goal (PHG).
PHGs are established by the California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). A PHG is a health risk
assessment, not a proposed drinking water standard. It is the level of a contaminant in
drinking water, which is considered not to pose a significant risk to health if consumed
for a lifetime. This determination is made without regard to cost or treatability. The
California Department of Public Health (CDPH) uses PHGs in the evaluation of health-
related drinking water standards, known as Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs).
CDPH uses PHGs to identify MCLs that are to be reviewed for possible revision or
when setting new MCLs for unregulated chemicals.
Provisions of the California Health and Safety Code Section 116470(b) (Exhibit A)
requires that large water utilities (>10,000 service connections) prepare a special report
by July 1, 2013 if their water quality measurements have exceeded any PHGs in the
three previous calendar years. The law also requires that where OEHHA has not
adopted a PHG for a contaminant, the water suppliers are to use the Maximum
Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) adopted by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA). MCI -Gs are the federal equivalent to PHGs, but are not
identical. Only constituents which have a California primary drinking water standard
and for which either a PHG or MCLG has been set are to be addressed in this report.
Exhibit B is a list of all regulated constituents with MCLs and PHGs or MCI -Gs.
There are a few constituents that are routinely detected in water systems at levels
usually well below the drinking water standards for which no PHG nor MCLG has yet
been adopted by OEHHA or USEPA. These include total trihalomethanes (TTHMs)
among others.
This report provides the following information as specified in the Health and Safety
Code (Exhibit A) for each constituent detected in the City of Santa Monica's (City) water
supply in 2010, 2011, and 2012 at a level exceeding an applicable PHG or MCLG:
Numerical public health risk associated with the MCL and the PHG or MCLG
(Exhibit C).
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® Category or type of risk to health that could be associated with each constituent.
® Best Available Treatment Technology that could be used to reduce the
constituent level.
® Estimate of the cost to install that treatment if it is appropriate and feasible.
WHAT ARE PHGs?
® PHGs are set by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard
Assessment (OEHHA) which is part of Cal/EPA.
® PHGs are based solely on public health risk considerations. None of the risk -
management factors that are considered by CDPH in setting drinking water
standards are considered in setting the PHGs. These factors include analytical
detection capabilities, treatment technology available, benefits and costs.
PHGs are not enforceable and are not required to be met by any public water
system. MCI -Gs are federal equivalent to PHGs and are set by the USEPA.
WATER QUALITY DATA CONSIDERED
All of the water quality data collected for Santa Monica's water system between 2010
and 2012 for purposes of determining compliance with drinking water standards were
considered. This information was summarized in tables included in the 2010, 2011 and
2012 Annual Water Quality Reports, which were mailed to all Santa Monica customers,
residents, and businesses in June 2011, June 2012 and June 2013 (Exhibit D).
Most of the constituents tested in the water were reported as Not Detected (ND) and are
not generally listed in the Annual Water Quality Reports. When a constituent is reported
as ND, it generally means that the laboratory did not detect the compound, but it could
also mean that it was detected at a level less than California's Detection Level for
purposes of Reporting (DLR).
GUIDELINES FOLLOWED
The Association of California Water Agencies (ACWA) formed a workgroup, which
prepared guidelines for water utilities to use in preparing the PHG reports. These
guidelines were used in the preparation of this report. No general guidelines are
available from the state regulatory agencies. ACWA's workgroup also prepared
guidelines for water utilities to use in estimating the costs to reduce a constituent to the
MCL. Exhibit E provides cost estimates for the best treatment technologies that are
available today.
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BEST AVAILABLE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY AND COST ESTIMATES
Both the USEPA and CDPH have adopted what are known as Best Available
Technologies (BATs), which are the best known methods of reducing contaminant
levels. Capital construction and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs can be
estimated for such technologies. However, since many PHGs and MCLGs are set
much lower than the MCL, it is not always possible or feasible to determine what
treatment is needed to further reduce a constituent down to or near the PHG or MCLG.
For example, USEPA sets the MCLG for potential cancer-causing chemicals at zero.
Estimating the costs to reduce a constituent to zero is difficult, if not impossible,
because it is not possible to verify by analytical means that the level has been lowered
to zero. In some cases, installing treatment to try and further reduce very low levels of
one constituent may have adverse effects on other aspects of water quality.
CONSTITUENTS DETECTED THAT EXCEED A PHG OR A MCLG
The following is a discussion of constituents that were detected in one or more of the
City's drinking water sources at levels exceeding the PHG, or if no PHG exists, above
the MCLG. Santa Monica consistently delivers safe water at the lowest possible cost to
its customers using multiple treatment methods approved by CDPH. Constituents that
were detected in one or more drinking water sources at levels above the MCLS are
reduced to acceptable levels. The health risk information for regulated constituents with
MCLs, PHGs or MCLGs is provided in Exhibit C.
• Total Coliform Bacteria
Total coliform bacteria are measured at approximately 100 sites around the City. No
more than 5% of all samples collected in a month can be positive for total coliforms.
This defines the MCL. Although there is no PHG for total coliform bacteria, the MCLG is
zero positive samples. The reason for the total coliform drinking water standard is to
minimize the possibility of the water containing pathogens, which are organisms that
cause waterborne disease. Because total coliform analysis is only a surrogate indicator
of the potential presence of pathogens, it is not possible to state a specific numerical
health risk. While USEPA normally sets MCLGs "at a level where no known or
anticipated adverse effects on persons would occur", EPA indicates that it cannot do so
with total coliforms. Nevertheless, without the ability to determine a specific numerical
risk, the MCLG has been set at zero for total coliform bacteria.
Coliform bacteria are a group of indicator organisms that are ubiquitous in nature and
are not generally considered harmful. They are used because of the ease in monitoring
and analysis. If a positive sample is found, it indicates a potential problem that needs to
be investigated with follow-up sampling. It is not at all unusual for a system to have an
occasional positive sample. In Santa Monica, about 80 of the sites where samples are
taken for total coliform bacteria are taps, typically hose bibbs, on private residences or
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businesses. Many of these taps are exposed to the environment and while they provide
a satisfactory sample point most of the time, occasionally the tap itself may become
exposed to bacteria from the environment, e.g. overgrown plants, pets and humans.
When samples are drawn from these exposed taps, they test positive on rare occasion.
During 2010 through 2012, the City collected between 119 and 142 samples each
month for total coliform analysis. No samples were found to be positive for total coliform
bacteria between 2010 and 2012.
In an effort to reduce the potential for positive results due to taps expose to the open
environment, the Water Resources Division (Division) has a program to prioritize the
sites and install more dedicated sampling stations. The dedicated samplers are
enclosed in a lockable box and are protected from the environment. A total of six new
boxes were installed during the period covered by this report with plans to complete
several more in the future in conjunction with the Division's main line replacement
program.
The Division already maintains an effective cross connection control program, a
disinfectant residual throughout the system, an effective monitoring and surveillance
program, and positive pressure in all parts of the distribution system. The Division has
already taken all of the steps described by the California Department of Health Services
as Best Available Technology (BAT) for Coliform Bacteria in Section 6447, Title 22,
CCR. Since it is unlikely that any change to the treatment process at the Arcadia Water
Treatment Plant would prevent the occasional positive test result at the distribution
sampling sites, staff recommends no change to the existing treatment.
• Trichloroethylene (TCE)
The PHG for trichloroethylene (TCE) is 0.0017 milligrams per liter (mg/1). The MCL for
TCE is 0.005 mg/I. The level of TCE in the City's groundwater and supplemental
supplies was below the MCL at all times during the period of this report.
Trichloroethylene is a volatile organic compound (VOC). It is a manmade solvent used
since the 40's and 50's as a degreaser, parts cleaner, and in other industries. In the last
several decades, TCE has shown up increasingly in groundwater supplies in Southern
California and elsewhere. TCE was discovered at low levels in several of the City's
wells located along or near Olympic Boulevard in 1980. Initially the TCE from the
Olympic Wells was diluted in the mixture with other, uncontaminated wells. As the TCE
levels increased over time, several wells had to be turned off until treatment to remove
the TCE could be installed. In 1992, the Division completed an expansion and upgrade
to the Arcadia Treatment Plant that included mechanical aeration to remove TCE in the
combined well flow to a level below the MCL of 0.005 mg/I. The contaminated Olympic
Wells were placed back in service and were blended and treated in this way until
December 2010 when the City's new Reverse Osmosis (RO) softening plant was
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commissioned. The new plant includes a decarbonator unit that now provides
additional removal of TCE.
The level of TCE in the water produced by the Arcadia Treatment Plant ranged from ND
to 0.004 mg/I for the period covered in this report. However, TCE was only found to be
greater than the PHG during 2010. The annual average for TCE for 2010 was 0.003
mg/l. With the additional removal provided by the decarbonators, there were no
readings greater than the PHG in 2011 and 2012. The annual average TCE produced
at the treatment plant was 0.0001 mg/I and ND for 2011 and 2012, respectively.
The category of health risk associated with TCE, and the reason that a drinking water
standard was adopted for it, is that people who drink water containing TCE above the
MCL for many years could experience an increased risk of getting cancer. CDPH says
that "Drinking water which meets this standard (the MCL) is associated with little to
none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to TCE." This language is
taken from the California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 22, Section 64468.2. The
numerical health risk of ingesting drinking water with TCE above the PHG is 1X106, or
one additional theoretical cancer case in one million people drinking two liters of water a
day for 70 years. The health risk of ingesting water with TCE above the MCL is six
additional theoretical cancer cases in one million people.
The Best Available Technology (BAT) for TCE to lower the concentration below the
MCL is either adsorption using liquid phase Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) or
Packed Tower Aeration (PTA). However, because the new RO softening plant includes
a decarbonator system that is very similar to PTA, the level of TCE is now consistently
and reliably below the PHG for TCE. Therefore, no recommendation for further action is
advised.
® Lead and Copper
There are no MCLs for lead or copper. Lead and copper are not present in our water
sources, but can leach into drinking water through the resident's plumbing systems and
faucets. Instead of MCLs, every three years a set of special samples is collected and
the results evaluated to determine whether the City's water system has achieved
"optimized corrosion control". The samples collected are first -draw at the tap of thirty or
more homes identified as high-risk (new plumbing installed with lead solder before it
was banned). To meet drinking water standards, the 90th percentile reading (meaning
90% of the samples were lower) of all samples collected by the City from these
household taps cannot exceed an Action Level (AL) of 0.015 mg/I for lead and 1.3 mg/I
for copper. The PHG for lead is 0.0002 mg/I and the PHG for copper is 0.3 mg/I.
The last round of testing for lead and copper was conducted by the Water Resources
Division in 2010 (next round is summer 2013). The 90th percentile reading for lead in
the last round was 0.0037 mg/I and was 0.25 mg/I for copper. These are below the
Action Levels, which means the City continued to meet water quality standards for lead
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and copper and was again considered to have "optimized corrosion control". The value
for copper was lower than the PHG, but the level for lead was higher than its
corresponding PHG.
There are two categories of health risk associated with lead - chronic toxicity
(neurobehavioral effects in children, hypertension in adults) and cancer. The numerical
health risk of ingesting drinking water with lead above the PHG is 2X10-6, or two
additional theoretical cancer cases in one million people drinking two liters of water a
day for 70 years.
As stated previously, the City's water supply is considered to have "optimized corrosion
control". In general, optimizing corrosion control is considered to be BAT to address
corrosion issues and any lead and copper findings. The Division will continue to
monitor water quality parameters that relate to corrosivity such as pH, hardness,
alkalinity and total dissolved solids and will take action, if necessary to maintain our
system in an "optimized corrosion control" condition.
Since the City's water supply continues to meet the "optimized corrosion control"
requirements, it is not prudent to initiate additional corrosion control treatment until such
time as changing conditions might warrant further action. Therefore, no estimate of cost
has been included in this report and no recommendations for further action are advised.
• Arsenic
The PHG for arsenic is 0.000004 mg/I. The MCL for arsenic is 0.01 mg/I. Arsenic is a
naturally occurring metallic element found in water generally at low levels throughout
California and elsewhere due to the erosion of mineral deposits. It can also enter water
supplies from runoff from agricultural and industrial sites. The MCL was lowered in
2006 due to increasing evidence of potential detrimental health effects even at low
levels. The concern is that long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking water may cause
skin damage or problems with circulatory systems, and may cause cancer.
Arsenic was below the MCL in all of the City's water sources at all times during the
period covered in this report, however all sources exceeded the PHG at least once
during this period. Arsenic readings for all sources for the period covered by this report
ranged from ND (Reporting Limit was 0.002 mg/1) to a high of 0.0032 mg/I in the water
purchased from the Metropolitan Water District's (MWD) Jensen Treatment Plant. The
annual average for the Jensen supply ranged from ND to 0.0032 mg/I for the period
covered by this report and ND to 0.0022 mg/I for the Weymouth supply.
Local groundwater supplies had annual averages for this period that ranged from 0.007
to 0.0014 mg/I for Santa Monica Well #1 and from ND (Reporting Limit was 0.0005 mg/1)
to 0.0014 mg/l for water coming from the Arcadia Treatment Plant. However, for the
water coming from the Arcadia Treatment Plant, arsenic was only detected greater than
the Reporting Limit during 2010. With the additional removal provided by the new RO
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softening plant, there were no detections of arsenic in 2011 and 2012 and the annual
average for arsenic in the water produced by the treatment plant was ND for both 2011
and 2012.
The category of health risk associated with arsenic is that people who drink water
containing arsenic above the MCL for many years could experience an increased
cancer risk. The numerical health risk of ingesting drinking water with arsenic above the
PHG is 1X10-6, or one additional theoretical cancer cases in one million people drinking
two liters of water a day for 70 years.
There are two BATS designated for arsenic removal, Ion Exchange and Reverse
Osmosis (RO). As previously stated, the City's new RO softening plant was
commissioned in December 2010 and as expected, is achieving reduction of arsenic to
below the level it can be measured. Please note that BATS are designed for treatment
to achieve compliance with the corresponding MCL only, and not PHGs. It is unlikely
that arsenic will be removed to a level lower that the very low PHG for arsenic. In any
case, that level is lower than laboratory tests can detect, so it would be impossible to
confirm whether water coming from the Arcadia Treatment Plant, or any given water
supply, actually has arsenic lower than the PHG level because it cannot be measured at
that level.
It is not practical or feasible to estimate costs for the reduction of arsenic from the
supplemental water the City purchases from MWD or Santa Monica Well #1, so no such
determination will be attempted here and no recommendations for further action are
advised.
® Uranium
The PHG for uranium is 0.43 picoCuries per liter (pCi/1) and the MCL is 20 pCi/I.
Uranium is a naturally occurring metallic element which is weakly radioactive and is
ubiquitous in the earth's crust. Uranium is found in ground and surface waters due to its
natural occurrence in geological formations. The average uranium concentrations in
surface and ground water are 1 and 2 pCi/I respectively. The uranium intake from water
is about equal to the total from other dietary components.
Uranium was below the MCL for all water sources at all times during the period covered
in this report, however all sources exceeded the PHG at least once during this period.
Uranium readings for the period covered by this report ranged from ND (Reporting Limit
was 0.2 pCi/I) to a high of 5.1 pCi/I in the water coming from the Arcadia Treatment
Plant. However, the levels of uranium in the water produced by the Arcadia Treatment
Plant were reduced with the additional removal provided by the new RO softening plant
commissioned in December 2010. Annual averages for the water coming from the
Arcadia Treatment Plant ranged from 1.7 to 2.6 pCi/I for the period covered by this
report and from a range of 1 to 2.9 pCi/I for MWD's Weymouth and Jensen supplies.
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The category for health risk associated with uranium is that people who drink water
containing uranium above the MCL for many years could experience an increased
cancer risk. OEHHA has determined that the numerical cancer risk for uranium above
the PHG level is 1x10"6, or one additional theoretical cancer cases in one million people
drinking two liters of water a day for 70 years.
There are several BATS designated to lower uranium to below the MCL including RO.
As previously stated, the City's new RO softening plant was commissioned in December
2010 and as expected, is achieving some reduction of uranium from the City's
groundwater supply. However, BATs are designed for treatment to achieve compliance
with the corresponding MCL only, and not PHGs, so this addition of a BAT for uranium
did not achieve reduction of uranium to below the PHG. Further treatment to reduce
uranium at the Arcadia Treatment Plant is neither practical, nor feasible.
The City's single well not treated by the Arcadia Treatment Plant is Santa Monica Well
#1. The water for this well had a uranium level that ranged from 0.7 to 0.9 pCi/1 for the
period covered by this report and so must be evaluated for treatment for removal of
uranium to below the PHG. Of the designated BATs for uranium, the most effective and
economical approach would be to use RO treatment at the well site. Based on 2012
flow rates and estimated costs, this would be in the range of $332,000 per year not
including the cost for waste (brine) disposal. However, this well is located in the center
median of San Vicente Blvd in a residential neighborhood where it would not be feasible
to construct even a small treatment plant at the well site. Again, it is also unclear
whether treatment to below the PHG for uranium could be achieved using RO, as BATs
are designed to achieve compliance only to the corresponding MCL. It should also be
noted that this cost estimate may be imprecise as treatment costs can vary widely
depending on the particulars of the situation.
It is not practical or feasible to estimate costs for the reduction of uranium from the
supplemental water the City purchases from MWD, so no such determination will be
attempted here and no recommendations for further action are advised.
• Other Radionuclides
There are several radionuclides for which OEHHA has not set PHGs, but for which an
MCLG has been designated by USEPA. The standards are for radionuclides including:
alpha emitters, beta/photon emitters, combined radium as well as the standard for
uranium described above. In addition to these standards, USEPA has designated an
MCLG of zero for each. The groundwater and supplemental water supplies for Santa
Monica are below the MCLs for these constituents at all times during the period covered
by this report, but the MCI -Gs of zero for some of these radionuclides were exceeded at
some sources at various times during this period.
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Radionuclides are radioactive elements that are found in nature or are man-made.
They are unstable and emit particles or waves of high energy from the nucleus or other
parts of the atom. There are three basic kinds of high-energy radiation: alpha, beta, and
gamma (included in a broader group called photons). Many radionuclides emit more
than one kind of radiation, but are classified by their most important kind. The MCL for
alpha emitters limits the level of "gross alpha" radiation other than what is contributed by
uranium and radon. The MCL for beta/photon emitters limits the level of radiation from
a group of 179 man-made radioactive materials. The MCL for combined radium limits
the radiation on two kinds (or "isotopes") of radium: radium -226 and radium -228. These
MCLs were adopted to address concern with the health effects from radiation inside the
body after consuming the radionuclides as evidence suggests that long-term exposure
to radionuclides in drinking water may cause cancer.
The level of alpha emitters in the City's groundwater and supplemental supplies was
below the MCL of 15 pCi/I at all times during the period covered by this report, but
exceeded the MCLG of zero in some monitoring data. Gross alpha readings for the
period covered by this report ranged from ND (Reporting Limit was 3 pCi/1) for all
supplies at various times to a high of 8.1 pCi/I in the water coming from Santa Monica
Well#1 in 2011. Annual averages ranged from ND for some of the supplies to 8.1 pCi/I
for water coming from Santa Monica Well #1.
The standard for beta/photon emitters does not apply to the City's groundwater and as
such, is not covered by this report. However, the supplemental water the City receives
from MWD met the MCL of 50 pCi/I for beta/photon emitters at all times, but exceeded
the MCLG of zero in some monitoring data. Readings for beta/photon emitters for both
MWD supplies for the period covered by this report ranged from ND (Reporting Limit
was 4 pCi/1) to a high of 9.7 pCi/I in the water coming from MWD's Weymouth
Treatment Plant reported for 2010. The annual averages ranged from ND to 4.2 for the
Jensen and Weymouth supplies for the period covered by this report.
The level of combined radium in the City's groundwater and supplemental supplies was
below the MCL of 5 pCi/I at all times during the period covered by this report, but
exceeded the MCLG of at the Arcadia Treatment Plant with results ranging from ND
(Reporting Limit was 0.15 pCi/1) to 0.9 pCi/I. Santa Monica Well #1 exceeded the
MCLG of zero in one reading in 2011 with results ranging from ND to 2.3 pCi/l. No
detections of combined radium were reported for the MWD imported water from
Weymouth and Jensen plant.
The BATs for these radionuclides are the same as for uranium. As previously stated,
the City's new RO softening plant was commissioned in December 2010 and as
expected, is achieving some reduction of these other radionuclides from the City's
groundwater supply. As explained previously, BATs are designed for treatment to
achieve compliance with the corresponding MCL only, and not PHGs, so this addition of
RO softening considered a BAT for these other radionuclides did not achieve reduction
to below the MCLGs in all cases. Further treatment to reduce other radionuclides at the
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Arcadia Treatment Plant is neither practical, nor feasible. Likewise, the analysis for
treatment of Santa Monica Well #1 and the MWD supplies is the same as for uranium
and no recommendations for further action are advised.
® Bromate
The PHG for bromate is 0.0001 mg/I. The MCL for bromate is 0.010 mg/I. Bromate is a
disinfection byproduct (DBP) formed when water containing naturally occurring bromide
ion is ozonated. The MCL for bromate does not apply to single readings but is instead
compared to a Running Annual Average (RAA).
The MCL was adopted in 2002 to address concern with potential health effects as
evidence suggests that long-term exposure to bromate in drinking water may cause
cancer. The standard applies only to water treatment plants that apply ozone for
disinfection or other purposes, and so does not apply to the City's groundwater.
However, the supplemental water the City receives from MWD's Jensen Treatment
Plant is ozonated and met the RAA MCL for bromate of 0.010 mg/I at all times, but
exceeded the PHG for the period covered by this report.
The Jensen Treatment Plant was retrofitted with ozone in 2005 as part of MWD's plan
to implement ozonation at all six of their treatment plants. The purpose of the retrofit is
to insure compliance with new requirements for disinfection of surface waters and new
DBP regulations, as well as an improvement in the plants' ability to handle taste and
odor episodes resulting from periodic algal blooms in MWD's source reservoirs. As
expected, the switch to ozone at the Jensen Treatment Plant resulted in reductions of
total trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, which are classes of DBPs that are also
regulated. However, bromate itself is a DBP and the formation of which is a
consequence of the switch in disinfectant. Bromate readings for the Jensen Treatment
Plant for the period covered by this report ranged from ND to 0.011 mg/I. The highest
RAA was 0.0072 mg/I for 2010 and demonstrated compliance with the MCL as did all
other RAAs for 2011 and 2012.
The category for health risk associated with bromate is that people who drink water
containing bromate above the MCL for many years could experience an increased risk
of getting cancer. OEHHA has determined that the numerical cancer risk for bromate
above the PHG level is 1x10"6, or one additional theoretical cancer cases in one million
people drinking two liters of water a day for 70 years.
The BAT to reduce bromate is control of the ozone treatment process to reduce
production of this DBP. As such, this is a process that is under the control and
jurisdiction of MWD, is already being conducted and will not be addressed further in this
report.
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• Hexavalent Chromium (Chromium VI)
A PHG for chromium VI was set at 0.00002 mg/L in July 2011. There is no MCL for
chromium VI, but it is currently regulated in drinking water in California under a total
chromium MCL of 0.05 mg/L. The total chromium MCL was established in 1977 to
address the non -cancer toxic effect of chromium VI. The adoption of a PHG for
chromium VI requires CDPH to set an MCL for chromium VI as close to the PHG as
possible, taking into account technical feasibility and costs. CDPH has indicated they
will move forward to develop and adopt an MCL for chromium VI.
Chromium is an odorless and tasteless metallic element. It is found naturally in rocks,
plants and can also be produced by industrial processes. The most common types of
chromium found in natural waters in the environment are chromium III and chromium VI.
Total chromium is the sum of chromium III and chromium VI. Chromium III and
chromium VI are covered together under the total chromium MCL because these forms
of chromium can convert back and forth in water depending on environmental
conditions.
Chromium III is an essential human dietary element and naturally occurs in many
vegetables, fruits, grains and yeast. Chromium VI also occurs naturally in the
environment from the erosion of natural chromium deposits from rocks and can also be
released in the environment from industrial processes via storage leaks, discharges and
improper disposal practices.
Total chromium was below the MCL in all of the City's water sources at all times during
the period covered in this report, however all sources exceeded the PHG for chromium
VI. Supplemental water from the Jensen and Weymouth Treatment Plants had
chromium VI levels ranging from ND (Reporting Limit was 0.001 mg/1) to 0.00045 mg/I
reported at the Jensen Plant in 2010. The annual average for the Jensen supply
ranged from ND to 0.00042 for the period covered by this report and from ND to
0.00009 mg/I for the Weymouth supply.
Local groundwater supplies had annual averages for this period that ranged from
0.0002 to 0.0012 mg/I for Arcadia Treatment Plant. With the additional removal
provided by the new RO softening plant commissioned in December 2010, the levels
were reduced and were 0.0002 to 0.0004 mg/I for 2011 and 2012, respectively.
The City's single well not treated by the Arcadia Treatment Plant is Santa Monica Well
#1 which had annual averages ranging for this period from 0.0011to 0.0017 mg/I.
Chromium VI is known to be a potent carcinogen when inhaled. It was recently found to
also cause cancer in laboratory mice and rats when exposed through drinking water.
OEHHA has determined that the numerical cancer risk for chromium VI above the PHG
Water Resources Division
June 2013 Page 11
level is 1x10-6, or one additional theoretical cancer cases in one million people drinking
two liters of water a day for 70 years.
The recommended technologies for Chromium VI removal are weak base anion
exchange resin or reduction -coagulation -filtration technology. Weak base anion
exchange is considered the more cost-effective of these two technologies. However,
neither is capable of reducing chromium VI to below 0.001 mg/l. As stated above, the
City's new RO softening plant is already achieving a greater reduction of chromium VI
than these alternate technologies.
It is unlikely that any technology will be developed that can reduce chromium VI to
below the very low PHG. In any case, that level is lower than laboratory tests can
detect, so it would be impossible to confirm whether water coming from the Arcadia
Treatment Plant, or any given water supply, actually has chromium VI lower than the
PHG level because it cannot be measured at that level. Further treatment for the
removal of chromium VI is neither practical, nor feasible, so no recommendations for
further action are advised.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER ACTION
The drinking water quality of the City of Santa Monica meets all State of California
Department of Public Health and USEPA drinking water standards set to protect public
health. The City's new RO softening plant commissioned in December 2010 is
achieving further reduction of many of the constituents identified in this report from the
City's groundwater supply. To further reduce the levels of these constituents that are
already significantly below the established health -based Maximum Contaminant Levels
(MCL) would typically require that additional costly treatment processes be constructed.
The effectiveness of the treatment processes to provide any significant reductions in
constituent levels at these already low values is uncertain. The health protection
benefits of these further hypothetical reductions are not clear and may not be
quantifiable. Therefore, no action is proposed at this time.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
1,4 -Dioxane
No MCL, MCLG, or PHG exists for 1,4 -Dioxane, and as such, is not a requirement for
this report. However, CDPH has a Notification Level (NL) for 1,4 -Dioxane, which was
lowered to 0.001 mg/I in 2010. As reported to City Council in 2002, the City's Olympic
Wells (Santa Monica Wells 3&4) were found to have 1,4 -Dioxane above the NL. The
City was advised by CDPH in 2002 that it was acceptable to continue the use of these
wells as long as the level remained less than 100 times the NL.
Water Resources Division
June 2013 Page 12
azcuar163
A — California Health and Safety Code Section 116470(b)
B — List of Regulated Constituents with MCLs, PHGs or MCI -Gs
C — Numerical Health Risk Information
D — Tables excerpted from Annual Water Quality Reports for 2010- 2012
E — Cost Estimates for Treatment Technologies
F — Acronyms
Water Resources Division
June 2013 Page 13
EXHIBITA
Health & Safety Code
Section 116470 (b)
On or before July 1, 1998, and every three years thereafter, public water systems
serving more than 10,000 service connections that detect one or more
contaminants in drinking water that exceed the applicable public health goal,
shall prepare a brief written report in plain language that does all of the following:
(1) Identifies each contaminant detected in drinking water that exceeds the
applicable public health goal.
(2) Discloses the numerical public health risk, determined by the office,
associated with the maximum contaminant level for each contaminant identified
in paragraph (1) and the numerical public health risk determined by the office
associated with the public health goal for that contaminant.
(3) Identifies the category of risk to public health, including, but not limited to,
carcinogenic, mutagenic; teratogenic, and acute toxicity, associated with
exposure to the
contaminant in drinking water, and includes a brief plainly worded description of
these terms.
(4) Describes the best available technology, if any is then available on a
commercial basis, to remove the contaminant or reduce the concentration of the
contaminant. The public water system may, solely at its own discretion, briefly
describe actions that have been taken on its own, or by other entities, to prevent
the introduction of the contaminant into drinking water supplies.
(5) Estimates the aggregate cost and the cost per customer of utilizing the
technology described in paragraph (4), if any, to reduce the concentration of that
contaminant in drinking water to a level at or below the public health goal.
(6) Briefly describes what action, if any, the local water purveyor intends to take
to reduce the concentration of the contaminant in public drinking water supplies
and the basis for that decision.
(c) Public water systems required to prepare a report pursuant to subdivision (b)
shall hold a public hearing for the purpose of accepting and responding to public
comment on the report. Public water systems may hold the public hearing as part
of any regularly scheduled meeting.
(d) The department shall not require a public water system to take any action to
reduce or eliminate any exceedance of a public health goal.
(e) Enforcement of this section does not require the department to amend a
public water system's operating permit.
(f) Pending adoption of a public health goal by the Office of Environmental Health
Hazard Assessment pursuant to subdivision (c) of Section 116365, and in lieu
thereof, public water systems shall use the national maximum contaminant level
goal adopted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for the
corresponding contaminant for purposes of complying with the notice and
hearing requirements of this section. (g) This section is intended to provide an
alternative form for the federally required consumer confidence report as
authorized by 42 U.S.C. Section 300g -3(c).
2013 PHG Triennial Report: Calendar Years 2010-2011-2012
-
t.�sfpa�t�
fReference'http Ihyv w cdoh ca ooYlcertNcrdnnkmgwaterlPaoss7MCLsaz)dPHGs as 0
This table includes:
® CDPH's maximum contaminant levels (MCLS)
® CDPH's detection limits for purposes of reporting (DLRs)
m Public health goals (PHGs) from the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)
® PHGs for NDMA and 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP is unregulated) are at the bottom of this table
® The federal MCLG for chemicals without a PHG, microbial contaminants, and the DLR for 1,2,3-TCP
PHG orMCLG)
Constituent
MCL
DLR
Date of PHG
Chemicals with MCLS in 22 CCR §64431—inorganic Chemicals
Aluminum 1
0.05
0.6
2001
Antimony 0.006
0.006
0.02
1997
Arsenic 0.010
0.002
0.000004
2004
Asbestos (MFL = million fibers per liter; for fibers
7 MFL
0.2 MFL
7 MFL
2003
>10 microns Ion
Barium 1
0.1
2
2003
Beryllium 0.004
0.001
0.001
2003
Cadmium 0.005
0.001
0.00004
2006
Chromium, Total - OEHHA withdrew the 1999
0.05
0.01
(0.100)
0.0025 mg/L. PHG in Nov 2001
Chromium, Hexavalent (Chromium-6) - MCL to be
established - currently regulated under the total
0.001
0.00002
2011
chromium MCL
Cyanide 0.15
0.1
0.15
1997
Fluoride 2
0.1
1
1997
Mercury (inorganic) 0.002
0.001
0.0012
1999 (rev2005)*
Nickel 0.1
0.01
0.012
2001
Nitrate (as NO3) 45
2
45
1997
Nitrite (as N) 1 as N
0.4
1 as N
1997
Nitrate + Nitrite 10 as N
0.4
10 as N
1997
Perchlorate 0.006
0.004
0.006
2004
Selenium 0.05
0.005
0.03
2010
Thallium 0.002
0.001
1 0.0001
1999 (rev2004)
Copper and Lead, 22 CCR §64672.3
Values referred to as MCLs for lead and copper are not actually MCLS; instead, they are called 'Action Levels"
under the lead and copper rule
Copper
1.3
0.05 0.3
2008
Lead
0.015
1 0.005 1 0.0002
1 2009
1 of 4
Constituent ?
MCL
DLR
PHG orDate
,.(MCLG)
of PHG
Radionuclides with MCLs in 22 CCR §64441 and §64443 -Radioactivity
[units are picocuries per liter (pCi/L), unless otherwise stated; We = not applicable]
Gross alpha particle activity - OEHHA concluded
in 2003 that a PHG was not practical
15
3
(zero)
n/a
Gross beta particle activity - OEHHA concluded in
2003 that a PHG was not practical
4 mrem/yr
4
(zero)
n/a
Radium -226
--
1
0.05
2006
Radium -228
--
1
0.019
2006
Radium -226 + Radium -228
5
--
(zero)
--
Strontium-90
8
2
0.35
2006
Tritium
20,000
1,000
400
2006
Uranium
20
1
0.43
2001
Chemicals with MCLS in
22 CCR §64444 -Organic Chemicals
(a) Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)
Benzene
0.001
0.0005
0.00015
2001
Carbon tetrachloride
0.0005
0.0005 •
0.0001
2000
1,2 -Dichlorobenzene
0.6
0.0005
0.6
1997 (rev2009)
1,4 -Dichlorobenzene (p -DCB)
0.005
0.0005
0.006
1997
1,1-Dichloroethane (1,1 -DCA)
0.005
0.0005
0.003
2003
1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2 -DCA)
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
1999 (rev2005)
1,1-Dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE)
0.006
0.0005
0.01
1999
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
0.006
0.0005
0.1
2006
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
0.01
1 0.0005
0.06
2006
Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)
0.005
0.0005
0.004
2000
1,2-Dichloropropane
0.005
0.0005
0.0005
1 1999
1,3-Dichloropropene
0.0005
0.0005
0.0002
1999 (rev2006)
Ethylbenzene
0.3
0.0005
0.3
1997
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)
0.013
0.003
0.013
1999
Monochlorobenzene
0.07
0.0005
0.2
2003
Styrene
0.1
0.0005
0.0005
2010
1,1,2,2 -Tetrachloroethane
0.001
0.0005
0.0001
2003
Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)
0.005
0.0005
0.00006
2001
Toluene
0.15
0.0005
0.15
1999
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
0.005
0.0005
0.005
1999
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane (1,1,1 -TCA)
0.2
0.0005
1
2006
1,1,2 -Trichloroethane (1,1,2 -TCA)
0.005
0.0005
0.0003
2006
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
0.005
0.0005
0.0017
2009
Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11)
0.15
0.005
0.7
1997
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane (Freon 113)
1.2
0.01
4
1997 (rev2011)
Vinyl chloride
0.0005
0.0005
0.00005
2000
Xylenes
1.75
0.0005
1.8
1997
2of4
Constituent
MCL
DLR
PHG or
(MCLG)
Date of PHG
Chemicals with MCLS in
22 CCR §64444 -Organic Chemicals
(b) Non -Volatile Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
Alachlor
0.002
0.001
0.004
1997
Atrazine
0.001
0.0005
0.00015
1999
Bentazon
0.018
0.002
0.2
1999 (rev2009)
Benzo(a)pyrene
0.0002
0.0001
0.000007
2010
Carbofuran
0.018
0.005
0.0017
2000
Chlordane
0.0001
0.0001
0.00003
1997 (rev2006)
Dalapon
0.2
0.01
0.79
1997 (rev2009)
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)
0.0002
0.00001
0.0000017
1999
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
0.07
0.01
0.02
2009
Di(2-ethylhexy1)adipate
0.4
0.005
0.2
2003
D!(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)
0.004
0.003
0.012
1997
Dinoseb
0.007
0.002
0.014
1997 (rev2010)
Diquat
0.02
1 0.004
0.015
2000
Endrin
0.002
0.0001
0.0018
1999 (rev2008)
Endothal
0.1
0.045
0.58
1997
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
0.00005
0.00002
0.00001
2003
Glyphosate
0.7
0.025
0.9
2007
Heptachlor
0.00001
0.00001
0.000008
1999
Heptachlor epoxide
0.00001
0.00001
0.000006
1999
Hexachlorobenzene
0.001
1 0.0005
0.00003
2003
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
0.05
0.001
0.05
1999
Lindane
0.0002
0.0002
0.000032
1999 (rev2005)
Methoxychlor
0.03
0.01
0.00009
2010
Molinate
0.02
0.002
0.001
2008
Oxamyl
0.05
0.02
0.026
2009
Pentachlorophenol
0.001
0.0002
0.0003
2009
Picloram
0.5
0.001
0.5
1997
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
0.0005
1 0.0005
0.00009
2007
Simazine
0.004
0.001
0.004
2001
2,4,5 -TP (Silvex)
0.05
0.001
0.025
2003
2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin)
3x10-8
5x10 -e
5x10'"
2010
Thiobencarb
0.07
0.001
0.07
2000
Toxaphene -
0.003
0.001
0.00003
2003
3of4
Constituent
MCL '
DLR
FHG or
(MCLG)
Date of PHG
Chemicals with MCLS in 22 CCR §64533—Dislnfection Byproducts
Total Trihalomethanes 0.080 -- — --
Bromodichioromethane -- 0.0010 (zero) --
Bromoform 0.0010 (zero)
Chloroform -- 0.0010 (0.07) --
Dibromochloromethane -- 0.0010 (0.06)
Haloacetic Acids five) (HAA5) 0.060 --
Monochloroacetic Acid -- 0.0020 (0.07) --
Dichloroacetic Adic -- 0.0010 (zero) --
Trichloroacetic Acid -- 0.0010 (0.02) --
Monobromoacetic Acid 0.0010
Dibromoacetic Acid -- 0.0010 --
0.0050 or
Bromate 0.010 0.0010a 0.0001 2009
Chlorite 1.0 0.020 0.05 2009
Microbiological Contaminants (TT =Treatment Technique)
Coliform % positive samples % 5 (zero)
Cryptosporidium** TT (zero)
Giardia lamblia** TT (zero)
Legionella** TT (zero)
Viruses** TT (zero)
Chemicals with PHGs established in response to CDPH requests.
These are not currently regulated drinking water contaminants.
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
--
--
1 0.000003 2006
1,2,3-Trichloropro ane
--
0.000005
1 0.0000007 2009
Notes:
a CDPH will maintain a 0.0050 mg/L DLR for bromate to accommodate laboratories that are using EPA Method
300.1. However, laboratories using EPA Methods 317.0 Revision 2.0, 321.8, or 326.0 must meet a 0.0010 mg/L
MRL for bromate and should report results with a DLR of 0.0010 mg/L per Federal requirements.
*OEHHA's review of this chemical during the year indicated (rev20XX) resulted in no change in the PHG
** Surface water treatment = TT
4of4
x:/:111111[6
Health Risk Information for
Prepared by
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
California Environmental Protection Agency
February 2013
Under the Calderon -Sher Safe Drinking Water Act of 1996 (the Act), water utilities are
required to prepare a report every three years for contaminants that exceed public
health goals (PHGs) (Health and Safety Code Section 116470 (b)(2)). The numerical
health risk for a contaminant is to be presented with the category of health risk, along
with a plainly worded description of these terms. The cancer health risk is to be
calculated at the PHG and at the California maximum contaminant level (MCL). This
report is prepared by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)
to assist the water utilities in meeting their requirements.
PHGs are concentrations of contaminants in drinking water that pose no significant
health risk if consumed for a lifetime. PHGs are developed and published by OEHHA
(Health and Safety Code Section 116365) using current risk assessment principles,
practices and methods.
Numerical health risks. Table 1 presents health risk categories and cancer risk values
for chemical contaminants in drinking water that have PHGs.
The Act requires that OEHHA publish PHGs based on health risk assessments using
the most current scientific methods. As defined in statute, PHGs for non -carcinogenic
chemicals in drinking water are set at a concentration "at which no known or anticipated
adverse health effects will occur, with an adequate margin of safety." For carcinogens,
PHGs are set at a concentration that "does not pose any significant risk to health."
PHGs provide one basis for revising MCLs, along with cost and technological feasibility.
OEHHA has been publishing PHGs since 1997 and the entire list published to date is
shown in Table 1.
Table 2 presents health risk information for contaminants that do not have PHGs but
have state or federal regulatory standards. The Act requires that, for chemical
contaminants with California MCLs that do not yet have PHGs, water utilities use the
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 1
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
federal maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) for the purpose of complying with the
requirement of public notification. MCLGs, like PHGs, are strictly health based and
include a margin of safety. One difference, however, is that the MCI -Gs for carcinogens
are set at zero because the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)
assumes there is no absolutely safe level of exposure to them. PHGs, on the other
hand, are set at a level considered to pose no significant risk of cancer; this is usually a
no more than one -in -a -million excess cancer risk (1 x10-) level for a lifetime of
exposure. In Table 2, the cancer risks shown are based on the U.S. EPA's evaluations.
For more information on health risks: The adverse health effects for each chemical
with a PHG are summarized in each PHG technical support document. These
documents are available on the OEHHA Web site (http://www.oehha.ca.gov). Also,
U.S. EPA has consumer and technical fact sheets on most of the chemicals having
MCLs. For copies of the fact sheets, call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at
1-800-426-4791, or explore the U.S. EPA Ground Water and Drinking Water web page
at http://water.er)a.aov/drink/.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 2
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health. Goals (PHGs)
' Based on the OEHHA PHG technical support document unless otherwise specified. The categories are
the hazard traits defined by OEHHA for California's Toxics Information Clearinghouse (online at:
http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/green/pdf/GC Regtext011912.0.
mg/L = milligrams per liter of water or parts per million (ppm)
3 Cancer Risk = Upper estimate of excess cancer risk from lifetime exposure. Actual cancer risk may be
lower or zero. 1x10-6 means one excess cancer case per million people exposed.
4 MCL = maximum contaminant level.
5 NA = not applicable. Risk cannot be calculated. The PHG is set at a level that is believed to be without
any significant public health risk to individuals exposed to the chemical over a lifetime.
5 MFL = million fibers per liter of water.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Page 3
California
Cancer
California
Cancer
Chemical '
Health Risk Category
PHG
Risk' '
MCL 4
Risk at the
(mg/L)2
at the
(mg/L)
California
PHG -
MCL
Alachlor
carcinogenicity
0.004
NA5
0.002
NA.
(causes cancer)
Aluminum
neurotoxicity and
0.6
NA
1
NA
immunotoxicity
(harms the nervous and
immune systems)
Antimony
digestive system toxicity
0.02
NA
0.006
NA
(causes vomiting)
Arsenic
carcinogenicity
0.000004
1x10-6
0.01
2.5x10"3
(causes cancer)
(4x10"6)
(one per
(2.5 per
million)
thousand)
Asbestos
carcinogenicity
7 MFL'
1x10-6
7 MFL
1x105
(causes cancer)
(fibers
(fibers
(one per
>10
>10
million)
microns in
microns in
length)
length)
Atrazine
carcinogenicity
0.00015
1x10-6
0.001
7x10-6
(causes cancer)
(seven per
million)
' Based on the OEHHA PHG technical support document unless otherwise specified. The categories are
the hazard traits defined by OEHHA for California's Toxics Information Clearinghouse (online at:
http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/green/pdf/GC Regtext011912.0.
mg/L = milligrams per liter of water or parts per million (ppm)
3 Cancer Risk = Upper estimate of excess cancer risk from lifetime exposure. Actual cancer risk may be
lower or zero. 1x10-6 means one excess cancer case per million people exposed.
4 MCL = maximum contaminant level.
5 NA = not applicable. Risk cannot be calculated. The PHG is set at a level that is believed to be without
any significant public health risk to individuals exposed to the chemical over a lifetime.
5 MFL = million fibers per liter of water.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Page 3
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California. Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Body weight effects are an indicator of general toxicity in animal studies.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 4
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
California
Cancer
California
Cancer
Chemical
Health Risk Categoryl
PHG
Risk
MCL4
Risk at the
(mg/L)2
at the
(mg/L)
California
PHG
MCL
Barium
cardiovascular toxicity
2
NA
1
NA
(causes high blood
pressure)
Bentazon
hepatotoxicity and
0.2
NA
0.018
NA
digestive system toxicity
(harms the liver,
intestine, and causes
body weight effects')
Benzene
carcinogenicity
0.00015
1x10-6
0.001
7x10-6
(causes leukemia)
(seven per
million)
Benzotalpyrene
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
0.000007
1x106
0.0002
3x10-5
(three per
hundred
thousand)
Beryllium
digestive system toxicity
0.001
NA
0.004
NA
(harms the stomach or
intestine)
Bromate
carcinogenicity
0.0001
1x106
0.01
1x104
(causes cancer)
(one per
ten
thousand)
Cadmium
nephrotoxicity
0.00004
NA
0.005
NA
(harms the kidney)
Carbofuran
reproductive toxicity
0.0017
NA
0.018
NA
(harms the testis)
Body weight effects are an indicator of general toxicity in animal studies.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 4
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
9 AL = action level. The action levels for copper and lead refer to a concentration measured at the tap. Much
of the copper and lead in drinking water is derived from household plumbing (The Lead and Copper Rule,
Title 22, California Code of Regulations [CCR] section 64672.3).
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 5
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
California
Cancer '
California
Cancer
Chemical '
Health Risk Categoryl
PHG
Risks
MCL4
Risk at the
(mg/L)2
at the
(mg/L)
California
PHG
MCL
Carbon
carcinogenicity
0.0001
1x10-6
0.0005
5x10-6
tetrachloride
(causes cancer)
(five per
million)
Chlordane
carcinogenicity
0.00003
1x10"6
0.0001
3x10-6
(causes cancer)
(three per
million)
Chlorite
hematotoxicity
0.05
NA
1
NA
(causes anemia)
neurotoxicity
(causes neurobehavioral
effects)
Chromium,
carcinogenicity
0.00002
1x10-6
---
NA
hexavalent
(causes cancer)
Copper
digestive system toxicity
0.3
NA
1.3 (AL)6
NA
(causes nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea)
Cyanide
neurotoxicity
0.15
NA
0.15
NA
(damages nerves)
endocrine toxicity
(affects the thyroid)
Dalapon
nephrotoxicity
0.79
NA
0.2
NA
(harms the kidney)
1,2-Dibromo-3-
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
0.0000017
(1.7x10-6)
1x10-6
0.0002
1x10-4
(one per
ten
chloropropane
®�P)
thousand)
9 AL = action level. The action levels for copper and lead refer to a concentration measured at the tap. Much
of the copper and lead in drinking water is derived from household plumbing (The Lead and Copper Rule,
Title 22, California Code of Regulations [CCR] section 64672.3).
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 5
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 6
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
California
Cancer
California
Cancer
Chemical
Health Risk Category'
PHG
Risk'
MCL° i
Risk at the
(mg/L)2
at the
(mg/L)
California'
PHG
MCL
1,2-Dichloro-
hepatotoxicity
0.6
NA
0.6
NA
benzene (o-
(harms the liver)
DCB)
1,4-Dichloro
carcinogenicity
0.006
1x10.6
0.005
8x10-7
benzene (p-
(causes cancer)
(eight per
DCB)
ten million)
1,1-Dichloro-
carcinogenicity
0.003
1x10"6
0.005
2x10.6
ethane (1,1-
(causes cancer)
(two per
DCA)
million)
1,2-Dichloro-
carcinogenicity
0.0004
1x10-6
0.0005
1x10-6
ethane (1,2-
(causes cancer)
(one per
DCA)
million)
1,1-Dichloro-
hepatotoxicity
0.01
NA
0.006
NA
ethylene
(harms the liver)
1 1-DCE
1,2-Dichloro-
nephrotoxicity
0.1
NA
0.006
NA
ethylene, cis
(harms the kidney)
1,2-Dichloro-
hepatotoxicity
0.06
NA
0.01
NA
ethylene, trans
(harms the liver)
Dichloromethane
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
0.004
1x10-6
0.005
1x10-6
(one per
(methylene
chloride
million)
2,4-Dichloro-
hepatotoxicity and
0.02
NA
0.07
NA
phenoxyacetic
nephrotoxicity
(harms the liver and
acid(2,4-D)
kidney)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 6
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 7
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
California
Cancer `
California
Cancer
Chemical
Health Risk Categoryl
PHG
Risk
MCL4
Risk at the
(mg/L)Z
at the
(mg/L)
California
PHG
MCL
1,2-Dichloro-
carcinogenicity
0.0005
1x10"6
0.005
1x10"5
propane
(causes cancer)
(one per
(propylene
hundred
dichloride)
thousand)
1,3-Dichloro-
carcinogenicity
0.0002
1x10"6
0.0005
2x106
propene
(causes cancer)
(two per
(Telone II®)
million)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)
developmental toxicity
(disrupts development)
0.2
NA
0.4
NA
adipate (DEHA)
Diethvlhexyl-
carcinogenicity
0.012
1x10"6
0.004
3x10"*7
phthalate
(causes cancer)
(three per
DEHP
ten million)
Dinoseb
reproductive toxicity
0.014
NA
0.007
NA
(harms the uterus and
testis)
Dioxin (2,3,7,8-
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
5x10"19
1x10-6
3x10_$
6x10"4
(six per ten
TCDD)
thousand)
Diguat
ocular toxicity
0.015
NA
0.02
NA
(harms the eye)
developmental toxicity
(causes malformation)
Endothall
digestive system toxicity
0.58
NA
0.1
NA
(harms the stomach or
intestine)
Endrin
hepatotoxicity
0.0018
NA
0.002
NA
(harms the liver)
neurotoxicity
(causes convulsions)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 7
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 8
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
California
Cancer
:California
Cancer
Chemical
Health Risk Category'
PHG
(mg/L)Z
Risk
at the
MCL4
(mg/L)
Risk at the
California
PHG
MCL
Ethylbenzene
hepatotoxicity
0.3
NA
0.3
NA
(phenylethane)
(harms the liver)
Ethylene
carcinogenicity
0.00001
1x10-6
0.00005
5x10-6
dibromide
(causes cancer)
(five per
million)
Fluoride
musculoskeletal toxicity
1
NA
2
NA
(causes tooth mottling)
Glyphosate
nephrotoxicity
0.9
NA
0.7
NA
(harms the kidney)
Heptachlor
carcinogenicity
0.000008
1x10-6
0.00001
1x10-6
(causes cancer)
(one per
million)
Heptachlor
carcinogenicity
0.000006
1x10-6
0.00001
2x10-6
ep oxide
(causes cancer)
(two per
million)
Hexachloroben-
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
0.00003
1x10-6
0.001
3x10"5
(three per
zene
hundred
thousand)
Hexachloro-
digestive system toxicity
0.05
NA
0.05
NA
cyclopentadiene
(causes stomach
lesions)
(HEX)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 8
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 9
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
California
Cancer
California
Cancer
Chemical :
Health Risk Category
PHG
Risk'
MCL °-
Risk at the
(mg/L)2
at the
(mg/L)
California
PHG
MCL
Lead
developmental
0.0002
3x10-8
0.015
2x10-6
neurotoxicity
(PHG is
(AL)8
(two per
(causes neurobehavioral
not based
million)
effects in children)
on this
cardiovascular toxicity
effect)
(cause high blood
pressure)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
Lindane
carcinogenicity
0.000032
1x10-6
0.0002
6x10"6
(y BHC),
(causes cancer)
(six per
Million)
Mercury
nephrotoxicity
0.0012
NA
0.002
NA
(inorganic)
(harms the kidney)
Methoxychlor
endocrine toxicity
0.00009
NA
0.03
NA
(causes hormone
effects)
Methyl tertiary-
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
0.013
1x10-6
0.013
1x10-6
(one per
butyl ether
(MTBE)
million)
Molinate
carcinogenicity
0.001
1x10"6
0.02
2x10-5
(causes cancer)
(two per
hundred
thousand)
Monochloro-
hepatotoxicity
0.2
NA
0.07
NA
benzene
(harms the liver)
(chlorobenzene)
Nickel
developmental toxicity
0.012
NA
0.1
NA
(causes increased
neonatal deaths)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 9
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
e This is the current PHG value for perchlorate. A revised draft PHG for perchlorate was posted online for
public comment on December 7, 2012. htto://www.oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/120712Perchlorate.html.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Page 10
California
Cancer.
California
Cancer
Chemical
Health Risk Category'
PHG
Risk'
MCL 4:
Risk at the
(mg/L)2
at the
(mg/L)
California
PHG
MCL
Nitrate
hematotoxicity
45 as
NA
45 as. NO3
NA
(causes
nitrate
methemoglobinemia)
Nitrite
hematotoxicity
1 as
NA
1 as
NA
(causes
nitrogen
nitrite -
methemoglobinemia)
nitrogen
Nitrate and
hematotoxicity
10 as
NA
10 as
NA
Nitrite
(causes
nitrogen
nitrogen
methemoglobinemia)
N -nitroso-
carcinogenicity
0.000003
1x10-6
---
NA
dimethyl -amine
(causes cancer)
NDMA
Oxamyl
general toxicity
0.026
NA
0.05
NA
(causes body weight
effects)
Pentachloro-
carcinogenicity
0.0003
1x10"6
0.001
3x10"6
phenol (PCP)
(causes cancer)
(three per
million)
Perchlorate
endocrine toxicity
0.0069
NA
0.006
NA
(affects the thyroid)
developmental toxicity
(causes neurodevelop-
mental deficits)
Picloram
hepatotoxicity
0.5
NA
0.5
NA
(harms the liver)
e This is the current PHG value for perchlorate. A revised draft PHG for perchlorate was posted online for
public comment on December 7, 2012. htto://www.oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/120712Perchlorate.html.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Page 10
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 11
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
California
Cancer `
California
Cancer "
Chemical
Health Risk Category'
PHG
Risk
MCL4
Risk at the.
(mg/L)Z
at the
(mg/L)
California
PHG
MCL
Polychlorinated
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
0.00009
1x10-6
0.0005
6x10"6
(six per
biphenyls
PCBs
million)
Radium -226
carcinogenicity
0.05 pCi/L
1x10-6
5 pCi/L
1x10-4
(causes cancer)
(one per
ten
thousand)
Radium -228
carcinogenicity
0.019 pCi/L
1x106
5 pCi/L
3x10-4
(causes cancer)
(combinedR
(three per
226+228)
ten
thousand)
Selenium
integumentary toxicity
0.03
NA
0.05
NA
(causes hair loss and
nail damage)
Silvex (2,4,5 -TP)
hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)
0.025
NA
0.05
NA
Simazine
general toxicity
0.004
NA
0.004
NA
(causes body weight
effects)
Strontium -90
carcinogenicity
0.35 pCi/L
1x10-6
8 pCi/L
2x10.5
(causes cancer)
(two per
hundred
thousand)
Styrene
carcinogenicity
0.0005
1x10-6
0.1
2x104
(vinylbenzene)
(causes cancer)
(two per
ten
thousand)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 11
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 12
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
California
Cancer
`California
Cancer
Chemical '
Health Risk Category
PHG
Risk
MCL4
Risk at the
(mg/L)2
at the
(mg/L)
California
PHG
MCL
1,1,2,2-
carcinogenicity
0.0001
1x10"6
0.001
1x10-5
Tetrachloro-
(causes cancer)
(one per
ethane
hundred
thousand)
Tetrachloro-
carcinogenicity
0.00006
1x10-6
0.005
8x10-5
ethylene
(causes cancer)
(eight per
(perchloro-
hundred
ethylene, or
thousand)
PCE)
Thallium
integumentary toxicity
0.0001
NA
0.002
NA
(causes hair loss)
Thiobencarb
general toxicity
0.07
NA
0.07
NA
(causes body weight
effects)
hematotoxicity
(affects red blood cells)
Toluene
hepatotoxicity
0.15
NA
0.15
NA
(methylbenzene)
(harms the liver)
endocrine toxicity
(harms the thymus)
Toxaphene
carcinogenicity
0.00003
1x10-6
0.003
1x10-4
(causes cancer)
(one per
ten
thousand)
1,2,4-Trichloro-
endocrine toxicity
(harms adrenal glands)
0.005
NA
0.005
NA
benzene
(Unsym-TCB)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 12
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 13
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
California
Cancer `.
California
Cancer
Chemical
Health Risk Category
PHG
(mg/L)Z
Risk
at the
MCL4
(mg/L)
Risk at the
California
PHG
MCL
1,1,1-Trichloro-
neurotoxicity
(harms the nervous
system),
1
NA
0.2
NA
ethane
reproductive toxicity
(causes fewer offspring)
hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)
hematotoxicity
(causes blood effects
1,1,2-Trich loro-
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
0.0003
1x10-6
0.005
2x10-6
(two per
ethane
hundred
thousand)
1,1,2-Trichloro-
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
0.0017
1x10"6
0.005
3x106
(three per
ethylene (TCE)
million)
Trichlorofluoro-
hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)
0.7
NA
0.15
NA
methane
Freon 11
1,2,3-Trichloro-
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
0.0000007
1x10-6
---
NA
propane
(1,2,3 -TCP)
1,1,2-Trichloro-
hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)
4
NA
1.2
NA
1,2,2-trifluoro-
ethane
(Freon 113)
Tritium
carcinogenicity
400 pCi/L
1x106
20,000
5x10-5
(causes cancer)
pCi/L
(five per
hundred
thousand)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 13
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 14
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
California
Cancer
California
Cancer
Chemical
Health Risk Category'
PHG
Risk
MCL 4'
Risk at the
(mg/L)Z
at the
(mg/L)
California
PHG
MCL
Uranium
carcinogenicity
0.43 pCi/L
1 x106
20 pCi/L
5x10-5
(causes cancer)
(five per
hundred
thousand)
Vinyl chloride
carcinogenicity
0.00005
1x10-6
0.0005
1x10"5
(causes cancer)
(one per
hundred
thousand)
Xylene
neurotoxicity
1.8 (single
NA
1.75 (single
NA
(affects the senses,
isomer or
isomer or
mood, and motor
sum of
sum of
control)
isomers)
isomers)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 14
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Table 2: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
without California Public Health Goals
1 Health risk category based on the U.S. EPA MCLG document or California MCL document
unless otherwise specified.
2 MCLG = maximum contaminant level goal established by U.S. EPA.
3 Cancer Risk = Upper estimate of excess cancer risk from lifetime exposure. Actual cancer risk
may be lower or zero. 1x10-6 means one excess cancer case per million people exposed.
° California MCL = maximum contaminant level established by California.
e Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal, or MRDLG
6 Body weight effects are an indicator of general toxicity in animal studies.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 15
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
U.S. EPA
Cancer
California
Cancer
MCLG2
Risk3
MCL°
Risk @
Chemical
Health Risk Category
(mg/L)
@
(mg/L)
California
MCLG
MCL
Disinfection byproducts (DBPS)
Chloramines
acute toxicity
45
NA
none
NA
(causes irritation)
digestive system toxicity
(harms the stomach)
hematotoxicity
causes anemia
Chlorine
acute toxicity
45
NA
none
NA
(causes irritation)
digestive system toxicity
(harms the stomach)
Chlorine dioxide
hematotoxicity
0.85
NA
none
NA
(causes anemia)
neurotoxicity
(harms the nervous
system)
Disinfection byproducts: haloacetic acids (HAAS)
Chloroacetic acid
general toxicity
0.07
NA
none
NA
(causes body and organ
weight changes5)
Dichloroacetic
carcinogenicity
0
0
none
NA
acid
(causes cancer)
Trichloroacetic
hepatotoxicity
0.02
0
none
NA
acid
(harms the liver)
Bromoacetic acid
NA
none
I NA
I none
I NA
1 Health risk category based on the U.S. EPA MCLG document or California MCL document
unless otherwise specified.
2 MCLG = maximum contaminant level goal established by U.S. EPA.
3 Cancer Risk = Upper estimate of excess cancer risk from lifetime exposure. Actual cancer risk
may be lower or zero. 1x10-6 means one excess cancer case per million people exposed.
° California MCL = maximum contaminant level established by California.
e Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal, or MRDLG
6 Body weight effects are an indicator of general toxicity in animal studies.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 15
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Table 2: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
without California Public Health Goals
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 16
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
U.S. EPA
Cancer
California
Cancer
Chemical
Health Risk Category'
MCLG2
Risk3
MCL°
Risk @
(mg/L),
@
(mg/L)
California
MCLG
MCL
Dibromoacetic
NA
none
NA
none
NA
acid
Total haloacetic
carcinogenicity
none
NA
0.06
NA
acids
(causes cancer)
Disinfection byproducts: trihalomethanes (THMs)
Bromodichloro-
carcinogenicity
0
0
none
NA
methane (BDCM)
(causes cancer)
Bromoform
carcinogenicity
0
0
none
NA
(causes cancer)
Chloroform
hepatotoxicity and
0.07
NA
none
NA
nephrotoxicity
(harms the liver and
kidney)
Dibromo-
hepatotoxicity,
0.06
NA
none
NA
chloromethane
nephrotoxicity, and
(DBCM)
neurotoxicity
(harms the liver, kidney,
and nervous system)
Total (sum of
carcinogenicity
none
NA
0.08
NA
BDCM,
(causes cancer),
bromoform,
hepatotoxicity,
chloroform and
nephrotoxicity, and
DBCM)
neurotoxicity
(harms the liver, kidney,
and nervous system)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 16
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
Table 2: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
without California Public Health Goals
7 MCLS for gross alpha and beta particles are screening standards for a group of radionuclides.
Corresponding PHGs were not developed for gross alpha and beta particles. See the OEHHA
memoranda discussing the cancer risks at these MCLs at http://www.oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/index.html.
8 pCi/L = picocuries per liter of water.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 17
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
U.S. EPA
Cancer
California
Cancer
MCLG2
Risk'
MCL4
Risk @
Chemical
Health Risk Category
(mg/L) `
@
(mg/L)
California
MCLG
MCL
Radionuclides
Gross alpha
carcinogenicity
0 (210po
0
15 pCi/L8
up to 1x10-3
210Po,
particles
(causes cancer)
included)
(includes
(for
226 Ra but
the most
not radon
potent
and
alpha
uranium)
emitter
Beta particles and
carcinogenicity
0 (210Pb
0
50 pCi/L
up to 2x10-3
photon emitters'
(causes cancer)
included)
Qudged
(for 210Pb,
equiv. to 4
the most
mrem/yr)
potent
beta -
emitter)
7 MCLS for gross alpha and beta particles are screening standards for a group of radionuclides.
Corresponding PHGs were not developed for gross alpha and beta particles. See the OEHHA
memoranda discussing the cancer risks at these MCLs at http://www.oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/index.html.
8 pCi/L = picocuries per liter of water.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 17
Water Toxicology Section
February 2013
EXHIBIT D
CITY OF SANTA MONICA WATER DIVISION
Summary of Primary Drinking Water Quality Results for 2010
`IMPORTED ,l „IMPORTED Dafes Meets MAJOR SOURCES
'4',sPtGt�'1Z` zF'aYe',` WELL WATER la1 SM WELLd1(b) SURFACE WATER I=SIJRPACE WATER, ;Sampled Std IN DRINKING WATER
Parameter - }}CG'+l Ef 1tyYCU51 Arcadia Plant Weymouth Plant ,Janson Plant ; !father
l[ir]'.RD.G x�h f Average .Range Average Range I Avenago Rangej Average Range +man 201Dia):
> x ( t f't, t (i c ti `��5z,' t i�ir t fSS'y,''a2•r(t , 'f'.
. tt.0 t�Jlji
„,�, ,xY,Yri „ui ...., .:... irikt?e�eL3���'r�`'�'S�`?r]m'>!�, ~•z;��� ..a .,r,,, .� s e x uaiN:.�,...F}*g�w"�'ssct54,,.Jaw.wdatS�.w.+a�.
Maz mum Turhldity lNTU1 reg rSv}�nr,`r>fh��+6f .31j .NIA N/A ( WA N/A Rg8 , ,.tBBS5 cU3 � - B.fW : ,100%zR3 Y � � Soil runoff
M"crab-olooical i�?siFTf �'�. iL�t�/ i EYI I .Iy£ � ] i
Yt 4��ftjlw� kill'
Y Naturally
�., 1�"'-"'+^tl,�a`ew.�lihG„W7 i3n51✓�slbi °v 57' z S1 tri*" �, ,,
Naturally present in the environment
l%positive samples/month( y++i#F; i1f151 �;Sy ryU4i �rE ,,;, r >ae wpyst
Fecal Coliform/E Cali ,?+f} iSaSeh #ixsi}ix;?,��+�5, 'si,,,'`?,.'1`YC?+ItY yL,'.y, t �Yie??-f}l`5 �?t`:tcaut '�.54� Y Human and animal fecal waste
Omanie Chemical e ht�lt iitr 1 i {�} }� 9 I
Methyltert-Butyl Ether(MTBE) (Ppb) I+ 7ti t�2 ,Y}}i }3 J1 i ND NO NO NO ND`. ND. ND ?,iD `', - Y Leaking underground storage tanks
§tlU4s
Trichlomethylene(pool` it rsai + d5it 27 NO-4.4NO NO Nq;, NO I 'ND, ND, { Y Discharge from metal degreasing odes
F } yt ✓ s r
Disinfection Er tryst 1 1 Ei ( -
Byproducts& Residuals
Total Tnhalomethanes(ppb) 5#:`NJ^Sj ¢}} }+r'}�}'ksy�t ta;,� swa y..t;} sjjlts;.it+ #7v�,z. }, ... r xx�. Si,Yli{t�ls Yt}} Yi�z#Y ittris_'s, ! Y By-product of drinking water chlorination
Haloacetic Acids( ppb) t e a.t ,,42 rk yi{6dt}i,U`ir!a lzl l\3 t#i} #A `�;,�IF11"I'l ���(sr�., `1E t_ �? ;,.i���izsr);sk4rU§��Latfv„§}�;'+r{; � Y � By-product of drinking water chlorination
Total Chlorine/ChlaramineslPDm) Ey i� iYr4i4�3}�bt{lige'J{1'tir)trji351,+RY'4, `��rz ° ..,zy �..x ,t.-,::.wxig, +trtiYaiv}1l,f��zi.,t:,� ]
'{'' f - q`py �.t�. �2, Y3 a{ ai4 {pf+it Y Drinking water disinfectant added for treatment
Bromate (Ppb) h}a}syglT lii'i ,}1'y�1Yty Ef N/A WA �. N/A WA VA NtA r���"12 ND -11,: � � Y By-product of drinking water azomtion
Inomanic Chemicals
Aluminum ppm) 1}ys z�fi s#f++4si})F�'i+11�7ay 0.04 8.04 NO ND 017 Y Erosion of natural deposits; used in water treatment Orocess
Arsenic (plop) J lat4r tk'Iftgl+};�i}t 14 .1.113 1.6 1.0 22:11 ND Z7 � 32 25 32 �,Y Discharge from 'f Y Erosion of natural deposits
Barium (ppm) rsl� Eiy'u§"4 {T`i �'�� 007 0A5 008 0.05 0.5 Bit ND 073 ND yN '� lj Y Corrosion of houslehod peluthmb gsyngml industries, rosan of nature] deposits
CopPer(e)(ppm) i 1v i`1.rt !? i}5�c rLr',S f '3f 13 �n�,� z. c v 1s n Nlfi ,
Fluoride AiterTreatment(ppm) t rsi tj rps YrYtr};i'4 i�Zy1`t#`car, `�.t+,r �*.� ,tj 'W 'ta-✓r+ t ry.+fY Hitt;jsY isS`si;�? Y Water additive for dental health
Lead(a)(ppb) ' +zY siB ' 3i 2# u S tY ,t�,;.�.i jt!tiirF � Corrosion of household plumbing systems
Nitrate (as N) (ppm) 5'ht64t5 .+;SE}*1d++ 33 0.8-3.9 3.8 33-3.9 .`140 r'411)14.4,�a]s. B.8 0542 j j Y Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from sewage;
t+S +ssitl i Erosion of natural deposits
Perchlorate (pPbl 5 ia6R} ,1 �5 5 � 5 � ND NO I NO NO KV " ND, � 'ND NO � Y Industrial waste discharge
Radionuclides S i ap}yEi , x;
Alpha emblem(pCip) 'Yi AI{i111 '#I+}d 28 ND -5.1 ND NO 51 ND -,7,,B,, �' 3.d NM -7:3 2008 � Y Erosion of natural deposits
Beta/photon emitters (pCJl) i��`0” tg'dt+5Flly}} ] N/A '.N/A N/A WA +{;, ' ND 42, j' Nit ND -52' j 2008 Y Decay of natural and man-made deposits
Combined Radium(pCJI) i+yCzi t}g14lt yklly ` 0.4 NO -D.9 NO NO ND- ,ND ( ; ND ND, . 2006 Y Erosion of natural deposits
Uranium (PCJI) �i4143'nl,S�''1 *+,? stitr++ 26 NO -5.1 I b] 0.7 , 2.9
2:4 '3 1 18 1:6+ 20', j 2008 Y Erosion of natural deposits
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
Primarydrinking Wafer Standards= MCLS for contaminants that affect health along
with their monitoring and reporting requirements, and water treatment requirements.
PHO = Public Health Goal, arthe level of a contaminant in drinking water below
which there is no known or expected risk to health. PHGs are set by the California
Environmental Protection Agency.
MCLG = Maximum Contaminant Level Goal, or the level of a contaminant in drinking
water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs are set by
the US. Environmental Protection Agency.
MCL= Maximum Contaminant Level, or the highest level of a contaminant that is
allowed in drinking water. Primary MCLS are set as close to the PHOS (or MCLGS) as
is economically and technologically feasible.
MRDLG = Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal, ohe level of a drinking water
disinfectant below which there is noknown or expected risk to health. They do not
ren. ct the benefits of Me use of disinfectants to control encrobials.
Mil= Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level, or the highest level of a disinfects on
(a)= Until Nov.2010, the Arcadia well water Moment plant treated a blend of 53%
allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a
well water and 47% imported surface water.
disinfectant is necessaryfor control of microbial contaminants.
(b)= SM WeRF1 is pumped into a transmission line, is blended with Imported Surface
WA= Not Applicable
Water and enters the system at 19th St & Idaho Ave.
AL=Action Level, or Me concentration of a contaminant which, when exceeded,
le)= We are not required to test for every parameter each year. if indicated, dam is
triggers treatment or other requirement which a water system must follow.
from a previous year.
NS=NO Standard
Inl= Two consecutive Total CDlaoro-positive samples, one ofwhich contains Fecal
NO = Monitored for but Not Detected
Coliform/E. Coli constiones an acute MCL Violation. No violations occurred for
NN= Nephelometric Turbidity Units - used M measure cloudiness of drinking water.
2010.
ppb parts per billion, or micrograms per liter(pg/1)
lel= The MCL has been replaced with a treatment technique requiring agencies
ppm= parte per million, or milligrams per liter Img/1)
to optimize corrosion control. Results given are from first draw, at -me -tap
pCJl=picocuries per leer
monitoring performed every three years.
'= Secondary standard
For additional water quality questions, contact M. Cardenas Assistant Manager for Water Production and Treatment at 310-826-6712
CITY OF SANTA MONICA WATER DIVISION
Summary of Results for Primary Drinking Water Standards for 2011
LOCAL IMPORTED ' IMPORTED I Dates 1Meets MAJOR SOURCES
PHG�s r us , WELL WATER i SM WELLt11a1 SURFACE WATER SURFACE WATER 1 Sampled Std IN DRINKING WATER
Parameter �r� t�t47cAG Arcadm Plant *Ymcmth Plats ' Jensen Plats 1 if other
[+ SOC s t(4 BD y Ave age Range Average Range Atrerage : Range Average flange rthan20t116)
An?s+�t
.CIp6N
Maximum Turbidity(NTU) �stit } JSyxls�itri '0773 E N/A WA N/A WA OAT 7g0%<03 ,0.g5 106%603 r Y SoilrunoH
rt ty,tr,; �t,t� rs i
Microbiological
{ g � L( vv sys`S yys y i ,.,,,_ �.t r sus w. ,m. - Asa ureku.ci caa, �6`x s `crit £r t'st ftr {t Y" Naturally presentin the environment
Total Coliform Bacteria i s} *i �r ���b� 2Ik. do
r<:
I%positive samples/month)
4 t r > u )
Fecal Coliform/E. Coll s {}t3�k`prs s r rt t LLr{� rt,rr { t "" r m t� e e�Syr} r }"T
r ���yt trxj'lG� t+,�,}xi.,.t,t,r?.i;f1.�ySe��:,3��'��,?,�t`..��tsfizLs4e�YY i Human and animal fecalwaste
Doan -e Chemical
Methyl tart -Butyl Ether(MTBEI (ppb) ND NO NO `ND 'ND .1 :ND- ND' i Y Leaking underground storage tanks
Trichloroethylene (Ppb) ` tlrt�i)�V'vy3t. 0.1 NO -0.9 ND ND ND NO ND NO Y (Discharge from metal degreasing sites
Disinfection i t 1 F r tr tt r1 t 7' 1
Ifil notilliResiduals ;tlttl § ri 1
yyti�n r jyy�Lyrs trr;
TotalTnhalomethenesppb)
Y By-product of drinking water chlorination
Haloacetic Acids (ppb) �)t#PJ'19`{t titit'; OTf yt t`LS11e, yytrpt ttturkt�s l'i}SS £bt '. it tL{ Jt }s*''t4iYx Va£�'{r�j§),y?,r �y! Y By-product of drinking star chlorination
Total Chlonne/Chloramines(spm) it f�jr{4}tp;fi yi 4}? {+�t"i 1�?;;„`ss{kis�tl.s(, ;£''1 �' ti iY ,t14 st{1, �>risSu'.z.;lltra Y
Drinking water disinfectant added for treatment
Bromete(ppb)�1'D.'sf{ xy�{?'+yy{s� NA WA WA N/�'WA WA, {; 59 .NR•68 Y By-product of drinking water ozonation
Inomen'c Chemsals rr�iS U/s}}r stitt'it} i t "�
Aluminum 1ppml :'xiy �I i„.z r�H j0.x'£}t.. i NO NO 0:02 0.02 Oii - ND 032 I DW 006 Rig 1 Y Erosion of natural depositr, used in watertreartment process
Aromatic ppb) (i 0pi re/ i+ r 2 ND NO a 0.6 0.8 ND ND 1 23 23 � Y Erosion of natural deposits
Barium plural ta2izis}�{L{{tif i�'' 0.02 OU2 I 09B 0.05.. ND ND_ ND ND Y Discharge from oland metal industries, Erosion of natural deposit
Copper (d)1Ppm) frt ?�i t''�y�+tt{;s i� t++}kF;'�i {2` t Yx n y� 'v�Py'y Eij 'Y Corrosion of household plumbing systems
Fluoride AfmrTreatment(ppm){is`'*yiu Y Water additivefa demalealth
Lead fid) (Ppb) Corrosion �ol�systems
Nitrate las N)(ppm) Y Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from s
ewage;
t„ p y tr 1jy �i Erosion of natural deposits
Perchlorate (ppb) l tz�'szt5t ,I N0. ND NO NO ND ND { ND NO Y Industrial waste discharge
Radionuclides
Alpha emitters (pCI/I) {ts36`jt J t 4 s�y5 rl l+ NO ND r 8.1 B7 NO ND 3 r' ND ND I Y Erosion of natural deposits
Gunnels hotonan rs (pCA r '%`.(1'jsijtsrttss'50 is N/A WA. N/A WA ND ND 6 i ND' ND 4 Y Decay of natural and man-made deposits
Combined Radium lPCJp voi�011t7ukst"U�ly 0.1 ND 02 1.1 NO -23 ND ND^'ND NO o Y Erosion of natural deposits
UraniumI Ciel ttL,9:434� xt 54""'U 1.7 1.4-13 M ND -D9 2' .1-2 § 1 NO.2� 3 Y Erosion of natural deposits
KEIr TO ABBREAMIATIONS
Primary Drinking WaterSmndards=MCLeforconternmantu Nat affect health along
MRDL= Maximum Residual DiaiefmiamLevel, arms highestlevelofa disinfectant
(a)= SM WelVl is pumped man a transmission line, is blended with Imported Surface
with their monitoring and reporting requirements, and water treatment requirements
allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a
Water and mune the coram at Ift St&Idaho Am.
PHG=Public, HeaM Goal, or me level of a mmorcmore in drinking water below
disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contiminents.
Ib)= We are not required totest for every parameter each year. if indicated, date is
which there is no known or expected risk to mahh. PHGs are set by the Califomia
WA=Not Applicable
from a previous year.
Envimnmental Protection Agency.
Al. =Accton Level, or the concmNation of a comaminam which, when exceeded,
Ic)= Two consecutive Tom]Cnliferm-pasidva samples, one fwhich contains Fecal
MCM= Maximum Contaminant Leval Goal, or Ne level of a contaminant in drinking
efrgers comment or other requirements which a water system muatfo0ow.
COlifomtlE Coli consandes an more MCL violation.
water below which there is no known orersected note health. MCLGsaresetby
NS=No Standard
No violations memnd for 2011.
No U.S. Ferironmental Protection Agency.
ND = Monitored for but Not Detected
fall= no MCL has been replaced with a tommu ameheirm requiring uslarves to
MCL=Maximum Commitment Level, or the highest level of a sonmminan that is
NN= Nephelometric Turbidity Ung- used to measure cloudiness of drinking water.
optimize corrosion central. Results given are Into int draw, at -Ne -top monitoring
showed in drinking water. Primary MCLS are set as close m the PHGs(or MCLGs) as
ppb= some per bihlam or micrograms per literipoll
performed every three years.
is economically and technobgically forcible.
ppm=pace per miHmn, or minigrome per their ficmg
MROIG= Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal, or the level of atldnking water
PICM=pi cocunine per gar
disinfectant below which there is nommen or expected risk to health. They do no
•=secondary standard
refleetthe benefits of the use of disinfectants to central microbiala.
For additional Water quality questions, contact M. Cardenas, Assistant Manager for Water Production and Treatment at 31O-826-6712
CITY OF SANTA MONICA PUBLIC WORKS/WATER RESOURCES DIVISION
Summary of Results for Primary Drinking Water Standards for 2012
LOCAL IMPORTED i IMPORTED, t Dates !Meets MAJOR SOURCES
ippfG}ylr�s,State(II
WELL WATER SMWEU#l(a) SURFACEWATER I SURPA,CEWATER Sampled! Std IN DRINKING WATER
Parameter ! {t[61f�CL,Ti >si �r".�'AGif Arcadia Plant 1 Weymnoth Plant Jensen Plant i rfather
riM/jO1G)`} r1��{MRb�J� Average Range Average Range Average Range ( Average Range jthm2o12(b)1
m>e4fAi23 tit Uck {rP`rT-4rfi i+z'-sr.;^^'^.—r'r"'asr�`"iSr't'ra-;r->G.'�'r,`x'Tvr'}s'r
t : r/I_,rL
nSr...l.-„u„�.,5
t�Ge+w�swr2R..wR,.:xw'assae
Maximum Turbidity (p1TG) kl�ll� ip�t r r9�t�8 N/A N/A � N/A N/A D.84 180%CD.B �, OD8 100%<'03A � Y Soil runoff
Microbiological t'rtljstlr�. jijlfyr (k f rLi{ - I !
rt + r) ''t rti�si t"T`%` iii$` t t 4r m :rs.� 15 C } i�j;-1'v�r U r: 1
Total CDOform Bacteria �jbl�':.{»�6'ij7 ir...; t rt,d„est 4t �,t�};G-R$HM „nseuta,�n,furr'v`4'tY, tt?7r} „�f)i.}t Y Naturally present in the environment
(Y positive samples/month)
Fecal ColiforME. Cog Y Human and animal fecal waste
r
Dman'e Chemical;-}
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) Pipb) srrti� r s� 'ifjs } i � NO ND NO NO ND ND . ND ; - ND i Y Leaking underground Storage tanks
Trichlomethylene(plebl Y AUi I`�1r �1 ND NO I NO NO ND NV � �ND� ,�ND � I Y ' Discharge from metal degreasingsties
by
OandeMion
6wroducts &ReSignals r I
Total Trihalomethrnes(ppb) ! nr ,�
rl,}t..,S S'G r rtc stls rt tir?n t�ny}iti #r{ 'tto S,,'a,gx 't'rrs }I�i �1t}s�-frLtiv�k�rit@'"nld Y By-product of drinking water chlorination
Haloacetic Acids lDDbl t 4j�t zsrz.166.�t rtht rs % z 3' r t M11 �de 4f � A„ ,""i0j r`i4'r....g;±; � �+'' j t s z'; Y By-product of drinking water chlorination
� s-?nt r tk Lq
Total Chlorine/Ch(oramines(ppm) Y - Drinking water disinfectant added fortreatment
Bromate(ppbl r t8a1s1N�\S>8� N/A Nq f ”( N/Aj N/A ,:NA C1 52 3.7 -Sad” i Y By-product of drinking water ozonation
Inoman'c Chemicals
Aluminum ml y Erosion of natural deposits; used in water treatment process
Arsenic (ppb) �r>U.004 r'�Ltic�S3i�tr r ND NO O.D7 O.D7 �, ND.NONO�, ND 0 NO17 I Y Erosion of natural deposits
Bariumlppn) rrj�2rrj rljz 'A4i,r 1 002 002 0.07 Dg7 { ND 'ND ND NO -7 - Y Discharge from oil and metal industries; Erosion of natural deposits
Copper Idl IPPmI h,b`r5 )411 `sAln�i 1t1 "�l�tsi}#s�rrrF,twmm'' ?ti, -rt- _'I, .; ?�WI,Yn lrkill `,f Y Corrosion of household Plumbing systems
Fluoride AtrerTreatmentlPPml lst.,�,,gl �rti{i�Irt. f�i'';<'T`�`'t����ii,yf r,,,., ty �4't(t�{``�p',,'i>'zr1'z,i�, Y Wateratldilrvefordental health
Lead (d) (ppb) � tsz i�? rs t;.`��jiti t,�,ii t 7 � ., �' ��} l i� �ro 3 �m "' [ 715 i. ! Y Corrasion of household plumbing systems
v s ,a +.,...x Etas..„, sx ..., ....�uz..
Nitrate las Nl (ppm) I ]�" at {yi0)zl i� X12 0.8-1.7 � 3.4 3.4 ,NO ', 'ND "} ND ND ,-! �! Y Runofffrom fertilizer use; Leaching from sewage;
i t I r i t Erosion of natural deposits
Perchlorate )ppb) a `jar \u �rrLE6' i
NO ND NO ND ND - 'IND i discharge
s ND ND i Y Industrial waste
Rad'onuclides t -
Alphaemitters(pCUll B rat i;i �3 a 19 NO -3.7 23 2.3 ND -3 ) MD NDr -2011 Y Erosion ofnamral deposits
8eta/photon emitters 1pCUD 'aliOTk �;'t jn Rt ct 3 WA N/A j N/A NFA '4` NO -,B . NO ' ND-vy I 2071 'Y Dec ay of natural and man-made deposits
Combined Radium (pCVI) /3IA)` . ps{ 315r NO NO ! NO NO ND . ND,, AD ND � 2011 Y Erosion of natural deposits
Uranium (pCiA) 10rg3t1 ,,t �{ L27[ � rc� 1.7 1.8-2.0 ) 09 0.9 `Z 1-2 1, ND L2 g 2D71 Y Erosion of natural deposits
KEY TO A1361FREVIATIONS
Primary Drinking Water Standards m MCLS for contaminants that affect heahh along
with their monitoring and reporting requirements, and water treatment requirements.
P11%; = Public Health Gaal, or the level of a contaminant in drinking water below
which there is no known or expected risk to health. PHGs are set by the California
Environmental Protection Agency.
MCLG= Maximum Contaminant level Goal, or the level of a contaminant in drinking
water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs are set by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
MCL= Maximum Contaminant Level, or the highest level of a contaminant that is
allowed in drinking water. Primary MCLS are set as close to the PHGs (or MCLGs) as
is economically and technologically feasible.
MRDLG = Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal, or the level of a drinking water
disinfectantbelow which there is no known or expected risk to health They do not
reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbials.
MRUL=Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level, or the highest level of a disinfectant
la)= SM Welltl is pumped into a transmission line, is blended with Imported Surface
allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of
Water and enters the system at 19th St&Idaho Ave.
disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants.
(b)= We are not required to test for every parameter each year. U indicated, data is
WA= Not Applicable
from a premusyear.
AL= Action Level, or the concentration of a contaminant which, when exceeded,
(cl= Two eonaecatrve Tote) Coliform -positive samples, one ofwhich contains Fecal
triggers treatment orothar requirements which a water system mustfollow.
ColifomdE. Coli constitutes an acute MCLviolation.
NS= No Standard
No violations occurred for 2012.
NO= Monitored for but Not Detected
(d)= The MCL has been replaced with a treatment technique requiring agencies
NTU= Nephammetric Turbidity Units - used an measure cloudiness of drinking water.
to optlm¢a corrosion control. Results given are from first draw, at -the -tap
ppb = parts per billion, or micrograms per liter (pgA)
monitoring performed every three years.
ppm = parts per million, or milligrams per Ifter Imgm
pCJI =picocudes per liter
-= secondary standard
For additional water quality questions, contact M. Cardenas, Assistant Manager for Water Production and Treatment at 390-826-6792
�WAIlari
Reference: 2010 ACWA Cost of Treatment Table, Costs Revised for 2012
COST ESTIMATES FOR TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
(INCLUDES ANNUALIZED CAPITAL AND O&M COSTS)
Page 1 of 2
Estimated 2012*
No.
Treatment
Source of Information
Unit cost
Technology
($/1,000 gallons
treated
Reference: Malcolm Pimle estimate for California Urban Water
1
Granular
Agencies, large surface water treatment plants treating water from the
0.53-1.00
Activated Carbon
State Water Project to meet Stage 2 D/DBP and bromate regulation,
1998
2
Granular
Reference: Carollo Engineers, estimate for VOC treatment (PCE),
0.24
Activated Carbon
95% removal of PCE, Oct. 1994,1900 gpm design capacity
Reference: Carollo Engineers, est. for a large No. Calif, surf. water
3
Granular
treatment plant ( 90 mgd capacity) treating water from the State
1.16
Activated Carbon
Water Project, to reduce THM precursors, ENR construction cost
index= 6262 (San Francisco area) - 1992
4
Granular
Reference: CH2M Hill study on San Gabriel Basin, for 135 mgd
0.45-0.66
Activated Carbon
central treatment facility for VOC and SOC removal by GAC, 1990
5
Granular
Reference: Southern California Water Co. - actual data for "rented"
2'08
Activated Carbon
GAC to remove VOCs (1,1-DCE), 1.5 mgd capacity facility, 1998
Granular
Reference: Southern California Water Co. - actual. data for
6
Activated Carbon
permanent GAC to remove VOCs (TCE), 2.16 mgd plant capacity,
1.35
1998
Reference: Malcolm Pirnie estimate for California Urban Water
7
Reverse Osmosis
Agencies, large surface water treatment plants treating water from the
1.56-2.99
State Water Project to meet Stage 2 D/DBP and bromate regulation,
1998
Reference: Boyle Engineering, RO cost to reduce 1000 ppm TDS in
8
Reverse Osmosis
brackish groundwater in So. Calif., 1.0 mgd plant operated at 40% of
3.69
design flow, high brine line cost, May 1991
Reference: Boyle Engineering, RO cost to reduce 1000 ppm TDS in
9
Reverse Osmosis
brackish groundwater in So. Calif., 1.0 mgd plant operated at 100% of
2.27
design flow, high brine line cost, May 1991
Reference: Boyle Engineering, RO cost to reduce 1000 ppm TDS in
10
Reverse Osmosis
brackish groundwater in So. Calif., 10.0 mgd plant operated at 40%
2.46
of design flow, high brine line cost, May 1991
Reference: Boyle Engineering, RO cost to reduce 1000 ppm TDS in
11
Reverse Osmosis
brackish groundwater in So. Calif, 10.0 mgd plant operated at 100%
1.90
of design flow, high brine line cost, May 1991
Reference: Arsenic Removal Study, City of Scottsdale, AZ - CH2M
12
Reverse Osmosis
Hill, fora 1.0 mgd plant operated at 40% of design capacity, Oct.
6.17
1991
Page 1 of 2
COST ESTIMATES FOR TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
(INCLUDES ANNUALIZED CAPITAL AND O&M COSTS)
Note: *Costs were adjusted from date of original estimates to present, where appropriate, using Engineering
News Record (ENR) building costs index (20 -city average) from Dec 2012.
Page 2 of 2
Estimated 2012*
No
Treatment
Source of Information
unit Cost
Technology
($/1,000 gallons
treated
Reference: Arsenic Removal Study, City of Scottsdale, AZ - CH2M
13
Reverse Osmosis
Hill, for a 1.0 mgd plant operated at 100% of design capacity, Oct.
3.64
1991
Reference: Arsenic Removal Study, City of Scottsdale, AZ - CH2M
14
Reverse Osmosis
Hill, for a 10.0 mgd plant operated at 40% of design capacity, Oct.
2.73
1991
Reference: Arsenic Removal Study, City of Scottsdale, AZ - CH2M
15
Reverse Osmosis
Hill, for a 10.0 mgd plant operated at 100% of design capacity, Oct.
1.69
1991
16
Reverse Osmosis
Reference: CH2M Hill study on San Gabriel Basin, for 135 mgd
1.7D-2.99
central treatment facility with RO to remove nitrate, 1990
Packed Tower
Reference: Analysis of Costs for Radon Removal... (AW WARF
17
Aeration
publication), Kennedy/Jenks, for a 1.4 mgd facility operating at 40% of
0.98
design capacity, Oct. 1991
Packed Tower
Reference: Analysis of Costs for Radon Removal... (AW WARF
18
Aeration
publication), Kennedy/Jenks, for a 14.0 mgd facility operating at 40%
0.52
of design capacity, Oct. 1991
Reference: Carollo Engineers, estimate for VOC treatment (PCE) by
19
Packed Tower
packed tower aeration, without off -gas treatment, O&M costs based
0.26
Aeration
on operation during 329 days/year at 10% downtime, 16 hr/day air
stripping operation, 1900 gpm design capacity, Oct. 1994
Reference: Carollo Engineers, for PCE treatment by Ecolo-Flo Enviro
20
Packed Tower
Tower air stripping, without off -gas treatment, O&M costs based on
027
Aeration
operation during 329 days/year at 10% downtime, 16 hr/day air
stripping operation, 1900 gpm design capacity, Oct. 1994
Packed Tower
Reference: CH2M Hill study on San Gabriel Basin, for 135 mgd
21
Aeration
central treatment facility - packed tower aeration for VOC and radon
0.42-0.69
removal, 1990
Advanced
Reference: Carollo Engineers, estimate for VOC treatment (PCE) by
22
Oxidation
UV Light, Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide, O&M costs based on operation
0.51
Processes
during 329 days/year at 10% downtime, 24 hr/day AOP operation,
1900 gpm capacity, Oct. 1994
Reference: Malcolm Pirnie estimate for CUWA, large surface water
23
Ozonation
treatment plants using ozone to treat water from the State Water
0.12-0.24
Project to meet Stage 2 D/DBP and bromate regulation,
Cryptosporidium inactivation requirements, 1998
24
Ion Exchange
Reference: CH2M Hill study on San Gabriel Basin, for 135 mgd
0.57-0.74
central treatment facility - ion exchange to remove nitrate, 1990
Note: *Costs were adjusted from date of original estimates to present, where appropriate, using Engineering
News Record (ENR) building costs index (20 -city average) from Dec 2012.
Page 2 of 2
Reference: Other Agencies
COST ESTIMATES FOR TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
(INCLUDES ANNUALIZED CAPITAL AND O&M COSTS)
Page 1 of 2
Treatment
Estimated Unit Cost 2012
No.
Source of Information
Other References ($/1,000
Technology
,gallons treated
Reduction -
Reference: February 28, 2013, Final Report Chromium
1
Coagulation-
Removal Research, City of Glendale, CA. 100-2000
$1.47 - $9.23
Filtration
gpm. Reduce Hexavalent Chromium to 1 ppb.
Reference: February 28, 2013, Final Report Chromium
2
IX- Weak Base
Removal Research, City of Glendale, CA. 100-2000
$1.50-$6.29
Anion Resin
gpm. Reduce Hexavalent Chromium to 1 ppb.
3
IX
Golden State Water Co., IX w/disposable resin, 1
$0.46
MGD, Perchlorate removal, built in 2010.
Golden State Water Co., IX w/disposable resin, 1000
4
IX
gpm, perchlorate removal (Proposed; O&M estimated).
$1.00
5
IX
Golden State Water Co., IX with brine regeneration,
$6.57
500 gpm for Selenium removal, built in 2007.
6
GFO/Adsorption
Golden. State Water Co., Granular Ferric Oxide Resin,
$1 72 _$1.84
Arsenic removal, 600 gpm, 2 facilities, built in 2006.
Reference: Inland Empire Utilities Agency: Chino
7
RO
Basin Desalter. RO cost to reduce 800 ppm TDS, 150
$2.25
ppm Nitrate (as NO3); approx. 7 mgd.
Reference: Inland Empire Utilities Agency: Chino
8
IX
Basin Desalter. IX cost to reduce 150 ppm Nitrate (as
$1.25
NO3); approx. 2.6 mgd.
Packed Tower
Reference: Inland Empire Utilities Agency : Chino
9
Aeration
Basin Desalter. PTA-VOC air stripping, typical treated
$0.38
flow of approx. 1.6 mgd.
Page 1 of 2
Page 2 of 2
Reference: West Valley WD Report, for Water
10
IX
Recycling Funding Program, for 2.88 mgd treatment
$0.52 - $0.74
facility. IX to remove Perchlorate, Perchlorate levels 6-
10 ppb. 2008 costs.
Reference: West Valley WD, includes capital, O&M
11
Coagulation
costs for 2.88 mgd treatment facility- Layne
$0.34
Filtration
Christensen packaged coagulation Arsenic removal
system. 2009-2012 costs.
Reference: West Valley WD/Envirogen design data for
the O&M + actual capitol costs, 2.88 mgd fluidized bed
reactor (FBR) treatment system, Perchlorate and
Nitrate removal, followed by multimedia filtration &
12
FBR
chlorination, 2012. NOTE: The capitol cost for the
$1.55 - $1.63
treatment facility for the first 2,000 gpm is $23 million
annualized over 20 years with ability to expand to
4,000 gpm with minimal costs in the future. $17 million
funded through state and federal grants with the
remainder funded by WVWD and the City of Rialto.
Page 2 of 2
EXHIBIT F
F-010612FjIViM
ACWA - Association of California Water Agencies
AL - Action Level
BAT - Best Available Technology
Cal/EPA - California Environmental Protection Agency
CCR - California Code of Regulations
CDPH - California Department of Public Health
DBP - Disinfection Byproduct
DLR - Detection Level for purposes of Reporting
GAC - Granular Activated Carbon
MCL - Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG - Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
mg/I - milligrams per liter
MWD - Metropolitan Water District
ND - Not Detected
NL - Notification Level
OEHHA - Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
pCi/I - picoCuries per liter
PHG - Public Health Goal
PTA - Packed Tower Aeration
RAA- Running Annual Average
RO - Reverse Osmosis
TCE -Trichloroethylene
TTHMs - Total Trihalomethanes
USEPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency
VOC - Volatile Organic Compound
ATTACHMENT B
Summary of City of Santa Monica Report on
Water Quality Relative to Public Health Goals
Each year, the City of Santa Monica sends out its Annual Water Quality Report which includes
details about the water that Santa Monica residents and businesses use every day. Along with
information regarding important current water issues, the annual report includes information
required by the Federal and State Governments.to illustrate how the quality of the water at the
consumer's tap compares against established water quality standards. These water quality
standards are established by Federal and state regulations as MCL's (Maximum Contaminant
Levels). Consistently, Santa Monica's water is shown to be in. full compliance with all regulatory
water quality standards.
Every three years, a special report is required to be prepared by all water agencies in California
to describe how the water quality compares against a different set of standards, known as
Public Health Goals (PHG's). PHG's are levels of contaminants much lower than MCL's.
Because they are goals, and not legally enforceable standards like MCL's, certain elements in
the water may exceed the established public health goal while still remaining below the
allowable MCL. For the period from 2010 to 2012 in Santa Monica, public health goals were
exceeded for seven unique elements. Although these elements exceed Public Health Goals,
Santa Monica's drinking water meets all State and Federal drinking water standards.
Details about Public Health Goals, how they were developed, what they mean, and the current
state of the City's water quality are included in the 2013 City of Santa Monica Report on Water
Quality Relative to Public Health Goals. The report will be received and filed at a public hearing
by the Santa Monica City Council on Tuesday, September 10, 2013. Public comments can also
be heard at this time. This report is available for public review at the City Clerk's office in City
Hall, the Main Library, the Water Resources Division office, and online at the Water Resources
Division at http:l(www.sm�ov.netldepartments/publicworks(wafer aspx .