SR-502-001-06
EPWM:WRGB:JH/PublicHealthGoals2004
City Council Meeting: October 26, 2004
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OCT .2 6 2004
Santa Monica, California
TO: Mayor and City Council
FROM: City Staff
SUBJECT: Report on City's Water Quality Relative to Public Health Goals
Introduction
This item transmits a report on the City's drinking water quality relative to state and
federal goals. The report recommends that the City Council take public comment and
approve the report, as required by law.
Backqround
California Health and Safety Code Section 1164 70(b) mandates that a Public Health
Goals (PHG) Report be prepared and a public hearing to review the report be held
every three years by public water system providers with more than 10,000 service
connections. The purpose of the legislative requirement is to give water system
customers access to information on levels of contaminants, even those that are below
the mandatory thresholds.
Public Health Goals (PHGs) are set by the California Office of Environmental Health
Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), and are equivalent to, but not the same as the
Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) set by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA). PHGs are not the same as the regulatory drinking water
standards set by USEPA and the California Department of Health Services (CDHS).
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OCT 2 6 2004
PHGs are not required to be enforced, and no action to meet them is mandated. The
USEPA and CDHS water quality requirements are enforceable standards, and Santa
Monica's drinking water supply complies with all standards established by these
agencies.
Discussion
The attached document entitled "City of Santa Monica Report on Water Quality
Relative to Public Health Goals" has been prepared pursuant to state Health and
Safety Code. The report compares the quality of the City's groundwater and
supplemental supplies with Public Health Goals (PHGs) adopted by the California
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) and with the Maximum
Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) adopted by United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA). The water quality of the City of Santa Monica's water
system complies with all of the health-based drinking water standards established by
the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) and USEPA. Substances in the
City's water supply are below the applicable Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
required by these regulatory agencies.
Copies of the report will be available for public review at the City Clerk's office, the
Water Resources Division office and all City libraries.
2
BudqeUFinanciallmpact
The recommendation presented in this report has no fiscal/budgetary impact.
Recommendation
Staff recommends that council receive public comments, and approve the attached
report entitled "City of Santa Monica Report on Water Quality Relative to Public Health
Goals".
Prepared by: Craig Perkins, Director, Environmental and Public Works Management
Gil Borboa, Water Resources Manager
Miriam Cardenas, Principal Water Chemist
Attachment: City of Santa Monica Report on Water Quality Relative to Public Health
Goals
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City of
Santa Monica@
CITY OF SANTA MONICA
REPORT ON WATER QUALITY RELATIVE TO PUBIC HEALTH GOALS
BACKGROUND
Public Health Goals
Public Health Goals (PHGs) are set by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard
Assessment (OEHHA), which is part of Cal-EP A and are based solely on public health risk
considerations. None of the risk-management factors that are considered by the USEP A or the
California Department of Health Services (CDHS) in setting drinking water standards are considered
in setting the PHGs. These factors include analytical detection capability, treatment technology
available, benefits and costs. The PHGs are not enforceable and are not required to be met by any
public water system. MCLGs are the federal equivalent to PHGs, but are not identical.
Legislation
Provisions of the California Health and Safety Code (Senate Bill 1307, Calderon-Sher, 1997
Legislative session) required water utilities with more than 10,000 service connections to prepare a
special report by July 1, 1998 iftheir water quality measurements exceeded any Public Health Goals
(PHGs). Subsequent PHG reports are required every three years.
PHGs are non-enforceable goals established by the Cal-EPA's Office of Environmental Health
Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). As of April 23, 2004, 71 PHGs have been adopted by OEHHA. The
law also requires that where OEHHA has not adopted a PHG for a constituent, the water suppliers
are to use the Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) adopted by USEP A. The amended
section of the Health and Safety Code, section 116740, is included as Attachment 1.
Only constituents which have a California primary drinking water standard and for which either a
PHG or MCLG has been established are to be addressed. Attachment 2 is a list of all regulated
constituents with MCLs and PHGs or MCLGs. It should be noted that there are a few constituents
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June 2004
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which are routinely detected in water systems at levels usually well below the drinking water
standards for which no PHG nor MCLG has been adopted by OEHHA or USEP A. These include
Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs) among others.
A provision ofthe law requires OEHHA to determine the Onumerical public health risk" associated
with the MCLs and PHGs. This report provides all of the required information as made available
from OEHHA, the state agency charged with providing it to water suppliers. Attachment 3 includes
health risk information for the 69 PHGs that had been adopted by OEHHA by March 2004 .
PREVIOUS REPORTS
The first report responsive to this regulation was prepared in June 1998 and presented to Council in
September 1998. Three constituents were addressed in that report in regards to the city's
groundwater supply and distribution system: Coliform Bacteria, Trichloroethylene, and Copper. No
constituents in the city's supplemental water supply (purchased from the Metropolitan Water District
of Southern California, MWD) were addressed as no constituents were determined to be at a level
that exceeded any PHG or MCLG.
The second report responsive to this legislation was prepared in June 2001 and presented to Council
in September 2001. The constituents addressed for the city's groundwater supply and distribution
system were the same as in the 1998 report: Coliform Bacteria, Trichloroethyelene and Copper.
Again, no constituents in the City's supplemental water supply purchased from MWD were
addressed as no constituents were determined to be at a level that exceeded any PHG or MCLG.
REPORT CONTENT
This report covers the constituents that were detected in the city's groundwater and supplemental
supplies at levels that exceeded an applicable PHG, or if no PHG has been set by the State, the
applicable MCLG set by the USEP A for water quality data collected since the 2001 report. For each
of these constituents, this report provides information on the PHG or MCLG, the MCL, the
numerical public health risk associated with these numbers, the category of risk to public health
associated with each constituent, the Best Available Technology (BAT) that could be used to reduce
the constituent level, and an estimate ofthe cost to install that BAT, ifit is appropriate and feasible.
Water Quality Data Considered:
The water quality data collected in 2001,2002, and 2003 for purposes of determining compliance
with drinking water standards was considered. This data is summarized in Santa Monica's Annual
Water Quality Reports covering those years, which were mailed to every residential and commercial
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address each May (Attachment No.4). Additionally, special triannual at-the-tap monitoring
conducted in 2001 was used for Lead and Copper as this data is used to determine whether the city's
system is in compliance with Lead and Copper regulations.
Best Available Treatment Technology and Cost Estimates:
Both the USEP A and CDHS adopt BATs, which are the best known methods of reducing
contaminant levels to the MCL. Costs can be estimated for such technologies. However, since many
PHGs and all MCLGs are set much lower than the MCL, it is not always possible, nor feasible to
determine what treatment is needed to further reduce a constituent downward to or near the PHG or
MCLG, many of which are set at zero. Estimating the costs to reduce a constituent to zero is
difficult if not impossible.
CONSTITUENTS DETECTED THAT EXCEED A PHG OR A MCLG
The following discussion addresses those constituents detected in Santa Monica's groundwater and
supplemental supplies or distribution system at levels above the associated PHG or ifno PHG, above
the MCLG. Note: MtBE is not included in this list for discussion since the City wells that were
contaminated with MtBE were shut down pending construction of a treatment facility and
resumption of well pumping.
Coliform Bacteria (including Fecal Coliform/E. Coli)
The MCL for Coliform Bacteria is 5% positive samples of all samples analyzed per month.
Additionally, there is a related MCL for Fecal Coliform/E. Coli that is triggered if either of two
consecutive Total Coliform-positive samples is also positive for Fecal ColiformlE. Coli. There is no
PHG set for Coliform Bacteria or Fecal Coliform/E. Coli, but the USEP A has set the MCLG at zero.
The reason for the Coliform drinking water standard is to minimize the possibility of the water
supply containing pathogens. Pathogens are organisms that cause disease. Coliform Bacteria are
used as indicator organisms and are not generally considered harmful. Because Coliform is only a
surrogate indicator of the potential presence of pathogens, stating a specific numerical health risk is
not possible. While USEP A normally sets MCLGs at levels where no known or anticipated adverse
effects on persons would occur, they indicate that they cannot do so with for Coliforms.
Nevertheless, without the ability to determine a specific numerical risk, the MCLG has been set at
zero for Coliform Bacteria.
In Santa Monica, samples for Coliform testing are collected at approximately 100 sites around the
city. Eighty-five ofthese sites currently consist oftaps, typically a hose bibb, on private residences
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or businesses. Many of these taps are exposed to the environment and while they provide a
satisfactory sample point most of the time, occasionally the tap itself may become exposed to
bacteria from the environment, e.g., overgrown plants, pets and humans. When samples are drawn
from these exposed taps, they occasionally test positive for Coliform Bacteria. This may occur a few
times over the year or in some years, not at all. For each of the years covered in this report, the total
number of samples taken at these distribution sample sites per year was approximately 1550. For
2001, a total of three samples tested positive for Total Coliform with a maximum monthly
percentage of 0.8%. For 2002, there was one sample that tested positive for Total Coliform with a
monthly percentage of 0.7%. In 2003, there were three samples in two different months that tested
positive with a maximum monthly percentage of 1.4%. In all cases, the monthly percentage of
positives was well below the MCL of5%, but greater than the MCLGofzero. In all cases, the water
supply to the location did not appear compromised in any way (normal chlorine residual, appearance,
and odor) and repeat samples taken were found to be negative. Additionally, the water leaving the
treatment plant was tested every week and was always found to be free from Coliform Bacteria.
Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the bacteria may have been picked up from the tap itself
and not in the water supply to the tap. Strict reporting guidelines do not allow these samples to be
disregarded and resampled, so the results are reported as if the bacteria were present in the water
supply to that location.
In an effort to reduce these occasional positive results, the Water Division has initiated a program to
prioritize the sites and install more dedicated sampling stations. The dedicated samplers are enclosed
in a lockable box and are protected from the environment. Since the 2001 report, a total of seven new
boxes have been installed with plans to complete several more in conjunction with the Water
Division's main line replacement program.
The Water Division already maintains an effective cross-connection control program, a disinfectant
residual throughout the system, an effective monitoring and surveillance program, and positive
pressure in all parts of the distribution system. The Water Division has already taken all of the steps
described by the California Department of Health Services as "best available technology" for
Coliform Bacteria in Section 6447, Title 22, CCR. Since it is unlikely that any change to the
treatment process at the Arcadia Water Treatment Plant would prevent the occasional positive test
result at the distribution sampling sites, staff recommends no change to the existing treatment.
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
A PHG of 0.8 ug/l for Trichloroethylene (TCE) was adopted by OEHHA in 1999. The level of
Trichloroethylene in the city's groundwater and supplemental supplies was below the MCL of 5 ug/l
at all times during 2001, 2002 and 2003. The category of health risk associated with TCE is
carcinogenicity. OEHHA has determined that the theoretical 70-year lifetime numerical health risk
associated with drinking water containing TCE above the PHG to be one excess cancer case per
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million (1 x 10-6) population and six excess cancer cases per million (6 x 10-6) population for
drinking water containing TCE above the MCL.
Trichloroethylene is a manmade solvent used since the 40's and 50's as a degreaser, parts cleaner, and
in dry cleaning, among other applications. In the last two decades, TCE has shown up increasingly
in groundwater supplies in Southern California and elsewhere. TCE was discovered at low levels in
several of the city's wells located along or near Olympic Boulevard in 1980. Initially the TCE from
the Olympic Wells was diluted in the mixture with other, uncontaminated wells. As the TCE levels
increased over time, several wells had to be turned offuntil treatment to remove the TCE could be
installed. In 1992, the Water Division completed an expansion and upgrade to the Arcadia Water
Treatment Plant that included mechanical aeration to remove TCE in the combined well flow to a
level below the MCL of5 ugll. The contaminated Olympic Wells were placed back in service and
were blended and treated with the other wells until 1996 when several of the other wells were shut
down due to MTBE contamination.
For 2001, the average level of TCE entering the treatment plant was 17.1 ugll and the average
leaving the plant was 1.6 ugll for an average 91 % removal efficiency. For 2002, the average level of
TCE entering the treatment plant was 14.9 ugll and the average leaving the plant was 1.0 ugll for an
average 93% removal efficiency. For the period of6/6/02 to 8/14/02, neither ofthe Olympic Wells
were in service, so for that period, TCE was not detected entering nor exiting the treatment plant.
For 2003, the Olympic Wells were pumped only from 1/1/03 to 2/17/03 with an average level of
TCE entering the treatment plant of 18.8 ugll and the average leaving the plant was 1.1 ugll for an
average 94% removal efficiency. The maximum level ofTCE leaving the plant at any time during
the three-year period was a level 3.1 ugll in August 2001. Additionally, most of the water leaving
the treatment plant is blended again with the water purchased from the Metropolitan Water District.
It should be noted that the influent groundwater from the Olympic Wells treated by the Arcadia plant
has been blended with supplemental water before entering the treatment plant since the 1996 closure
of the Arcadia and Charnock Wells. For 2001, the average blend to the treatment plant was 50%
groundwater, 50% supplemental water. In 2002, the average blend was 45% groundwater, 55%
supplemental water. For 2003, the average blend was 25% groundwater, 75% supplemental water.
Increasing the blend with supplemental water reduces the concentration ofTCE entering the plant,
but also results in a reduction of removal efficiency. The blending is required operationally because
ofthe reduced flow available to the treatment plant and also to lower the Hardness and Nitrate levels
of the water produced from the Olympic Wells alone. The increased percentage of supplemental
water in 2002 was due to the unavailability of the Olympic Wells. It should also be noted that the
Arcadia Wells were returned to service in May 2003, but their relative contribution to the total flow
is small.
The BAT for TCE to lower the level below the MCL is either adsorption using liquid phase Granular
Activated Carbon (GAC) or air stripping using Packed Tower Aeration (PAT). Air stripping is a
phase transfer process, whereby TCE is removed from water and transferred to an air stream. The
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effectiveness of air stripping to remove TCE from water depends on the physical design of the air
stripping technology. The relatively high volatility ofTCE allows for a high mass transfer between
the water and air while minimizing operating costs. The most common mass transfer design for air
stripping is the use of randomly packed towers. In a randomly packed tower, contaminated water
flows by gravity through the inside of a circular or rectangular column, which is filled with randomly
packed material. Air is introduced into the tower below the packed bed and flows upward through
the column countercurrent to the flow of water. The air is then drawn out ofthe top ofthe column.
The packing material is designed to maximize available area for contact between the contaminated
water and the process air, thereby providing the necessary transfer surface for volatile contaminants
to move from the liquid to the gas phase.
Adsorption is a separation technology in which pollutants partition from a bulk phase onto a solid
phase, due to the attractive forces ofthe surface chemical groups. Adsorption offers the advantage of
just about 100% removal of TCE, but operating costs can be high if frequent regeneration of the
GAC is required. The granular activated carbon is created by grinding, roasting, and then activating
carbonaceous source materials with high temperature steam. This process results in porous materials
that have a very high surface area. Intermolecular attraction between molecules of the dissolved
TCE and the activated carbon surfaces results in adsorptive forces, which bind the TCE to the carbon
as water passes through the carbon.
Since the TCE leaving the treatment plant is already well below the MCL, GAC would be the BAT
required to lower the TCE level to zero. The estimated cost to install such a treatment system on the
effluent from the existing treatment plant to reliably reduce the TCE level to zero would be
approximately $3.5 million dollars for initial construction cost or about $215 per service connection.
Additional 0 & M cost of$710,000 per year, or about $43 per year per service connection
Lead and Copper
There is no MCL for Lead or Copper. Instead, every three years a set of special samples is collected
by the Water Division and the results are evaluated to determine what action if any is necessary to
achieve "optimized corrosion control" of the water supply. The samples collected are first-draw at
the tap of thirty or more homes identified as high-risk (had new plumbing installed with lead solder
before the first study period) for plumbing materials leaching into tap water. The results of the last
set of data collected in 2001 were evaluated and the city's supply as a whole was found to have
"optimized corrosion control" and no further action was necessary. However, the 90th percentile
value (meaning 90% of the samples were lower) for Lead was 0.0032 mg/l and for Copper it was
0.19 mg/l. This is well below the Action Levels of 0.005 mg/l for Lead and 1.3 mg/l for Copper, but
just above the PHGs of 0.002 mg/l for Lead and 0.17 mg/l for Copper. Although samples collected
throughout the distribution system in 2001 and subsequent years indicate there is no Lead or Copper
in the city's source waters, this report will use the 90th percentile values to determine applicability.
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Using compliance data only provides the most conservative interpretation of the requirements for
this report
There are two categories of health risk for Lead, chronic toxicity (neurobehavioral effects in children,
hypertension in adults) and carcinogenicity. The category of health risk for Copper is acute toxicity
(gastrointestinal effects in children). OEHHA has determined that the numerical cancer risk was
"Not Applicable" for both Lead and Copper (see Attachment 3).
As stated previously, the city's water system has been found to have "optimized corrosion control"
since 1992 when the Lead & Copper regulations were first promulgated. In general, optimizing
corrosion control is considered to be the "best available technology" to address corrosion issues and
any Lead or Copper findings. The Water Division will continue to monitor the water quality
parameters that relate to corrosivity, such as the pH, hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, and
will take action, if necessary, to maintain our system in an "optimized corrosion control" condition.
Since the city's water supply continues to meet the "optimized corrosion control" requirements, it is
not prudent to initiate additional corrosion control treatment until such time as changing conditions
might warrant further action. Further corrosion control treatment would involve the addition of other
chemicals, which could raise different water quality issues. Therefore, no estimate of cost has been
included in this report and no recommendations for further action are advised.
Uranium
A PHG of 0.43 pCi/1 for Uranium was adopted by OEHHA in August 2001. The level of
Uranium in the city's groundwater and supplemental supplies was below the state MCL of20
pCi/1 at all times during 2001,2002, and 2003. The category for health risk associated with
Uranium is carcinogenicity. OEHHA has determined that the theoretical 70-year lifetime
numerical health risk associated with drinking water containing Uranium above the PHG to be
one excess cancer case per million (1 x 10-6) population and five excess cancer cases per 100,000
(5 x 10-5) population for drinking water containing Uranium above the state MCL.
Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive element (radionuclide) that is ubiquitous in the
earth's crust. Uranium is found in ground and surface waters due to its natural occurrence in
geological formations. The average Uranium concentrations in surface, ground, and domestic
water are 1,3, and 2 pCi/L, respectively. The Uranium intake from water is about equal to the
total from other dietary components.
For 2001, the range of Uranium levels in the city's groundwater supply ranged between 1.0 pCi/1
and 5.7 pCi/1 with an average of 4.2 pCi/l. For 2002, the range of Uranium levels in the city's
groundwater supply was between 0.9 pCi/1 and 4.0 pCi/1 with an average of3.4 pCi/l. For 2003,
the range was between "None Detected" and 3.7 pC ill with an average of2.2 pCi/l. It should be
noted that the while the supplier of our supplemental water supply, MWD, found some detections
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of Uranium for monitoring conducted between 2001 and 2003, the average is used for
compliance determinations and was "None Detected".
The BAT for Uranium to lower the level below the MCL is any of the following: Enhanced
Coagulation followed by Filtration, Lime Softening, Ion Exchange and Reverse Osmosis. The
first technique, Enhanced Coagulation followed by Filtration is a technology that is applicable
only to surface waters and so, cannot be considered as a treatment option for the city's ground
water supply. Lime Softening cannot be considered as the city already has facilities that are
designed to utilize Cation Exchange for softening purposes. The third technique listed, Ion
Exchange, is also not feasible as the city's softening facility employs a cation exchange
technique, which is not compatible with that technology. Ion Exchange for Uranium reduction
requires the use of Anion exchange resins, whereas the city's existing facility utilizes a Cation
Exchange technique.
Only the technique of Reverse Osmosis could possibly be employed in the treatment of the city's
ground water supply, but again, it is unclear whether treatment to below the PHG for Uraniun
would be feasible, as BAT s are designated for treatment to achieve compliance with the
corresponding MCL only, and not PHGs. Likewise, it should be noted that cost estimates are
developed for treatment to the MCL and not to the lower PHG level. Nevertheless, as estimated
cost to install such a Reverse Osmosis treatment system would be approximately $1.28 per 1000
gallons treated, which includes annualized capital and O&M costs. Based on 2003 flow rates and
estimated costs, this would be in the range of $1.3 million per year, or about $76 per service
connection per year. This assumes that a feasible method of disposing of the waste stream could
be located, which may not be the case.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER ACTION:
The drinking water quality of the City of Santa Monica meets all State of California and USEP A
drinking water standards set to protect public health. To further reduce the levels of the constituents
identified in this report that are already significantly below the health-based Maximum Contaminant
Levels established to provide "safe drinking water", additional costly treatment processes would be
required. The effectiveness of the treatment processes to provide any significant reductions in
constituent levels at these already low values is uncertain. The health protection benefits of these
further hypothetical reductions are not at all clear and may not be quantifiable. Therefore, no action
is proposed.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Chromium
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A PHG for Total Chromium (the sum of Chromium III and Chromium VI) of2.5 ug/l was adopted
by OEHHA in 1999, but was withdrawn in November 2001. OEHHA intends to develop a specific
PHG for Chromium VI instead. Regardless, no exceedance of the originally adopted PHG has
occurred for Santa Monica's groundwater and supplemental water supplies and Chromium is not a
requirement for this report.
Other Radionuc1ides
USEP A's updated standards for radionuclides took effect on December 8, 2003. Covered in the new
standards are (non-radon) radionuclides including: Alpha emitters, Beta/photon emitters, Combined
Radium as well as a new federal standard for Uranium. In addition to the new standards, USEP A has
designated an MCLG of zero for each. The groundwater and supplemental water supplies for Santa
Monica will meet these new standards when implemented, but it is anticipated that the MCLGs of
zero will be exceeded. The next PHG report due in 2007 will likely need to address other
Radionuclides besides Uranium.
1.4- Dioxane
No MCL, MCLG, or PHG exists for l,4-Dioxane, but CDHS has set an Action Level (AL) of3 ug/l
in drinking water. As reported to council in 2002, the Olympic Wells were found to have 1,4-
Dioxane above the AL in 2002. The city was advised by CDHS that it was acceptable to continue
the use of these wells as long as the level remained less than 100 times the AL.
Perchlorate
A PHG of6 ug/l for Perchlorate was adopted in March 2004. The timeframe covered in this report
predates this PHG and so, was not considered for inclusion. However, it is well known that that the
Colorado River, a major source for the city's supplemental water supplier, MWD, has been
contaminated with Perchlorate from a site in Henderson, Nevada. MWD began voluntary
monitoring of that supply in 1997 and has at times, found levels ranging up to 9 ug/l. However,
immediate mitigation efforts have resulted in lower Perchlorate levels in the Colorado River and
Perchlorate was last detectable exiting MWD's Weymouth plant in 2001. The maximum level
detected there in 2001 was 5 ug/l. Furthermore, the city has received little water from this plant for
the last several years, so it is not likely that any exceedances ofthe newly adopted PHG occurred
during the time period covered in this report. It is not anticipated that Perchlorate will be included in
the next PHG report due in 2007.
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ATTACHMENTS:
No.1 Excerpt from Calif. Health & Safety Code: Section 116470 (b)
No.2 List of Regulated Constituents with MCLs, PHGs or MCLGs
No.3 Numerical Health Risk Information
No.4 Tables excerpted from Annual Water Quality Reports for 2001,2002 and 2003
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Attachment 1
Health & Safety Code
Section 116470 (b)
On or before July 1, 1998, and every three years thereafter, public water systems serving
more than 10,000 service connections that detect one or more contaminants in drinking
water that exceed the applicable public health goal, shall prepare a brief written report in
plain language that does all of the following:
(1) Identifies each contaminant detected in drinking water that exceeds the applicable
public health goal.
(2) Discloses the numerical public health risk, determined by the office, associated with
the maximum contaminant level for each contaminant identified in paragraph (1) and the
numerical public health risk determined by the office associated with the public health
goal for that contaminant.
(3) Identifies the category of risk to public health, including, but not limited to,
carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and acute toxicity, associated with exposure to the
contaminant in drinking water, and includes a brief plainly worded description of these
terms.
(4) Describes the best available technology, if any is then available on a commercial
basis, to remove the contaminant or reduce the concentration of the contaminant. The
public water system may, solely at its own discretion, briefly describe actions that have
been taken on its own, or by other entities, to prevent the introduction of the contaminant
into drinking water supplies.
(5) Estimates the aggregate cost and the cost per customer of utilizing the technology
described in paragraph (4), if any, to reduce the concentration of that contaminant in
drinking water to a level at or below the public health goal.
(6) Briefly describes what action, if any, the local water purveyor intends to take to
reduce the concentration of the contaminant in public drinking water supplies and the
basis for that decision.
(c) Public water systems required to prepare a report pursuant to subdivision (b) shall
hold a public hearing for the purpose of accepting and respondi9g to public comment on
the report. Public water systems may hold the public hearing as part of any regularly
scheduled meeting.
(d) The department shall not require a public water system to take any action to reduce or
eliminate any exceedance of a public health goal.
(e) Enforcement of this section does not require the department to amend a public water
system's operating permit.
(f) Pending adoption of a public health goal by the Office of Environmental Health
Hazard Assessmenti>ursuant to subdivision (c) of Section 116365. and in lieu thereof,
public water systems shall use the national maximum contaminant level goal adopted by
the United States Environmental Protection Agency for the corresponding contaminant
for purposes of complying with the notice and hearing requirements of this section. (g)
This section is intended to provide an alternative form for the federally required
consumer confidence report as authorized by 42 V.S.C. Section 300g-3(c).
CALIFORNIA MCls AND PHGs AND FEDERAL MClGs
Attachment 2
PARAMETERSI
CONSTITUENTS
Units
STATE
MCL
OLR
PHG
or
(MCLG)
INORGANICS
ma 1 ~
I' --.....-......-......
I' -..".....-.. mg 0.006
mg 0.05 none
I' --.--......---
I' ---. -- fibersll 7 minion .{?m!~}
1- -.....-....... ,........ "A"'""<':<""$.l~", >W.c,""">>>>...,.,.".....,_. '."~~ mo 1 0.1 2
~_. - ,...--... mg. 0.004 0.001 0.0001
-. .....-...... mg. ~ 0.001 0.??oo7
CHROMIUM mo 0.D1 (100)
COPPER (at-the-taD;9athoecr;ent;Jel. ".,...".""-",,,~,.,-.:,,, mg. AL=1.3 0.05 0.17
CYANIDE :4: 0.15 0.1 0.15
---. ..- 1.4-2.4 0.1 1
LEAD (at-the-tao; 9Oth.oercentilel AJ..;i:();015 0.005
MERCURY II1Q/I.. 0.002 0.001
NICKEL I rJQII. 0.1 0.01 0.01:2
NITRATE [as Nl 10 0.4- 10
I'" .. _....... - -..1- ...,...--'t 45 2 45
..........-.. uK 1 0.4 1
SELENIUM 0.05 0.005 CO.05l
ITHAlUUM mgJt 0.002 0.001 0.0001
ORGANICS
ACRY.L.AMlPE . .' IT IT (0)
AlACHLOR ma 0.002 0.001 0.004
ATRAZlNE I'M 0.001 0.001 0.00015
BENTAZON mg 0.018 0.002 0.2
- ..- ma 0.001 0.0005 0.00015
BENZO Ca) PYRENE ma 0.0002 0.0001 0.000004
BROMATE mg 0.01 0.0050 (0)
CARBOFURAN Il1Q 0.018 0.005 0.0017
,-- ----.... -. .. - '.-..._-_._-- roo 0 0.0005 0.0001
1-' .--. .-. _...-- mg/I.. 0 0.0001 0.00003
.........--..--..- '" /1lQJ , 1 0.02 . (0.8l
CHlOROETHENE.IVJNYlCHLORIDEl lTIlJJ 0.0005 0.0005 0.00005
CIS-1 2-D1CHLOROETHYLENE /1lQJ 0.000 0.0005 (0.07)
2,4-0 J1'lQ/l. 0.07 0.01 0.07
DAlAPON trig ~.~ 0.79
DIBROMOCHLOROPROPANE rDBCP] 0.0??oo17
1.2-DICHLOROBENZENE rORTHOl 0.0005 0.6
1 ,4-DICHLOROBENZENE rPARAl . 0.0005 0.006
1,1-DICHLOROETHANE 1.1-DCA 0.005............ .. .......11= 0.003
1 2-DICHLOROETHANE 1 2-DCA r . . 0.0005 O. 0.0004
1,1-DICHLOROETHENE 1,1-DCE Jl'li: 0.0060 0.01
DICHLOROMETHANE~.=,"""",~. m~ 0.005 0.0005 0.004
1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE m~ 0.005 0.0005 0.0005
1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE .'mg/ 0.0005 O;OOOS 0.0002
01 (2-ETHYUfEXYUADIPATE ,'.'1ll,."""""'"~';,'~",i:-~'.""'';.''- m .... 0:'. 0.005 0.2
01 (2-ETHYLHEXYUPHTHALATE "",~';"";';"".;,,-,-.,.,,", In! 0.004 0.003 0.012
DINOSEB .... m 0.001 0.002 0.014
DIOXIN [2,3,7,8 - TCDD] m IL .~10' 5X1O' (0)
D1aUAT ma 'l.. 0.02 0.004 0.015
ENDOTHALl mg 't.. 0.1 0.045 0.58
I--_n... J1'lQ/l. 0.002 0.0001 0.0018
1-' .-_... .--.....-..,-...... TT (0)
IEii-iYlENEDiiiROMIOE.'IEOBl mall.' 0.3 0.0005 0.3
mgIL 0.00005 0.00002 0.??oo1
CALIFORNIA MCLs AND PHGs AND FEDERAL MCLGs
PARAMETERSI STATE PHG
CONSTITUENTS UnitS Mel DLR or
(MClG)
ALPHA ACTIVITY GROSS
BETA ACTIVITY, GROSS
RADIUM 226 & 228 TOTAL
STRONTIUM 90
TRITIUM
IJRA
MCL:: Maximum Contaminant Level PHG = Public Health Goal
MCLG = Maximum Contaminant Level Goal DlR = Detection limit for Reporting purposes; set by DHS
.Surface Water Systems Only IT = Treatment Technique
"MClGs established in 2000 but not effective until December 2003. thus not reoortable durinG this timA nArinr
Attachment 3
Health Risk Information for
Public Health Goal Exceedance Reports
March 2004
Under the Calderon-Sher Safe Drinking Water Act of 1996 (the Act), water utilities ate required
to prepare a report every three years for contaminants that exceed public health goals (PROs)
(Health and Safety Code Section 116470 (2)[b]). The numerical health risk is to be presented
with the category of health risk, along with a plainly worded description of these terms. PROs
are published by the Office of Environmental Realth Razard Assessment (OEHHA)(Realth and
Safety Code Section 116365) as concentrations of contaminants in drinking water that OEHHA,
using current risk assessment principles, practices and methods, considers to pose no significant
health risk if consumed for a lifetime. This report is prepared by OEHHA to assist the water
utilities in meeting their requirements.
Numerical health risks. The tables thatfoIlow summarize health risks for chemical
contaminants in drinking water that have PROs and state and/or federal regulatory standards.
The regulatory standards are maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). The Act also requires that
OEHHA publish "PROs" based on health risk assessments using the most current scientific
methods. As defined in statute, PROs for noncarcinogenic chemicals in drinking water are set at
a concentration "at which no known or anticipated adverse health effects will occur, with an
adequate margin of safety." For carcinogens PROs are set at a concentration that "does not pose
any significant risk to health." PROs provide one ba.sis for revising MCLs, along with cost and
technological feasibility. OEHHA has been publishing PROs as they are completed since 1997
and the entire list published to date is shown in Table 1.
The Act requires that for chemical contaminants with California MCLs that do not yet have
PROs, water utilities will use the federal maximum contaminant level goal (MCLO) for the
purpose of complying with the requirement of public notification. MCLGs, like PROs, are
strictly health based and include a margin of safety. One difference, however, is that the MCLGs
for carcinogens are set at zero because the United States Environmental Protection Agency
(U.S. EP A) assumes there is no absolutely safe level of exposure to them. PROs, on the other
hand, are set at a level considered to pose no significant risk of cancer; this is usually a no more
than one-in-a-million excess cancer risk (1 x 1O~) level for a lifetime of exposure. Chemicals
with MCLOs but no PROs are presented in Table 2. The cancer risks shown are based on the
T J.s. F.P A's evaluations.
Health risk categories. The following information can be used for presenting the health risk .
categories in "exceedance reports." The health risks shown in the tables are based on long-term
exposures to low levem of contaminants as would occur with drinking water (unless otherwise
stated), rather than high doses from a single or short-term exposure. The potential health effects
are the most sensitive adverse effects that occur when chemical exposure reaches a sufficient
level and duration to produce toxicity. Health goals that protect against these risks also protect
against health risks that would occur from short-term exposures. For most health risk categories,
the specific health outcome or the organ or system that is affected is also given. The health
effects are given in nontechnical terms when possible, and the categories are described below.
Acute toxicity - adverse health effects that develop after a short-term exposure to a chemical
(minutes to days).
Subchronic toxicity - adverse health effects that develop after repeated or longer-term exposures
to a chemical (days to months).
Carcinogenic - capable of producing cancer.
Chronic toxicity - adverse effects that usually develop gradually from low levels of chemical
exposure over a long period of time (months to years).
Developmental toxicity - adverse effects on the developing organism that may result from
exposure prior to conception (either parent), during prenatal development, or postnatally
to the time of sexual maturation. Adverse developmental effects may be detected at any
point in the life span of the organism. The major manifestations include: (1) death of the
developing organism, (2) structural abnormality (birth defects), (3) altered growth, and
(4) functional deficiency.
Neurotoxic - capable of destroying or adversely affecting the nervous system or interfering with
nerve signal transmission. Effects may be reversible (for example, effects on chemicals
that carry nerve signals across gaps between nerve cells) or irreversible (for example,
destruction of nerve cells). .
Reproductive effects - the occurrence of adverse effects on the reproductive system of females or
males that may result from exposure to environmental agents. The toxicity may cause
changes to the female or male reproductive organs, the regulating endocrine system, or
pregnancy outcomes. Examples of such toxicity may include adverse effects on onset of
puberty, egg production and transport, menstrual cycle normality, sexual behavior such as
sexual urge, lowered fertility, sperm production, length of pregnancy, and milk
production.
The tables further note whether the health risk category is based on human or animal data. Data
on health effects oftoxic substances are usually obtained from studies on laboratory animals.
For more information on health risks: The adverse health effects for each chemical with a
PHG are summarized in each PHG technical support document. These are available on the
OEHHA Web site (http://www.oehha.ca.gov) or may be ordered in print. Please call OEHHA at
5101622-3170 for details. Also. U.S. EPAhas consumer and technical fact sheets on most of the
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section
M~rr.h ?OO<1
Page 2
chemicals having MCLs. For copies of the fact sheets, call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at
1-800-426-4791, or explore the U.S. EPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water's home
page at http://www.epa.gov/OGWDWlhfacts.html.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section
M~rr.h ?004
Page 3
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (pHGs)
Alachlor
Health Risk Category
(more specific
information in
parentheses)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
chronic toxicity
(increased serum
aluminum level)
(human data)
Aluminum
Antimony
chronic toxicity
(shortened lifespan)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
Asbestos
Atrazine
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
Barium
chronic toxicity
(hypertension)
California
PRG
(mgIL)1
0.004
0.6
NA
0.002
1
0.006
7MFL
(fibers
>10
microns in
length)
0.00]
1
Caneer
Risk @
California
MCL
NA
NA
NA
lxl0-6
7xl0-6
(seven per
million)
NA
I Health risk category based on experimental animal testing data evaluated in the OEHHA PHG technical support
document unless otherwise specified.
2 mgfL = milligrams per liter of water or parts per million (ppm) (pHGs are expressed here in milligrams per liter for
consistency with the typical unit used for MCLs and MCLGs.)
3 Cancer Risk = theoretical 70-year lifetime excess cancer risk at the statistical upper confidence limit. Actual cancer
risk may be lower or zero. Cancer risk is stated in terms of excess cancer cases per million (or fewer) population, e.g.,
1 x 10-6 means one excess cancer case per million population; 5 x 10's means five excess cancer cases per 100,000
population.
4 MCL = maximum contaminant level.
S Non-linear approach used for alachlor risk assessment, no cancer risk assumed at the PHG level.
6 NA = not applicable. Noncarcinogenic, or a cancer risk cannot be calculated The PHG for these chemicals is set at a
level that is believed to be without any significant public health risk to individuals exposed to that chemical over a
lifetime.
7 MFL = million fibers per liter.
0.02
NA
7MFL
(fibers >10
microns in
length)
1 x 10-6
0.000]5
1 X 10-6
(one per
million)
NA
2
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section
March 2004
Page 4
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (pHGs)
Bentazon chronic toxicity 0.2
(clinical, body weight,
liver and intestinal
effects)
Benzene carcinogenicity 0.00015
(leukemia)
Benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenicity 0.000004
(cancer)
Beryllium chronic toxicity 0.001
(gastrointestinal lesions )
Cadmium chronic toxicity 0.00007
(kidney effects, human
data)
Carbofuran chronic toxicity 0.0017
(eniyme inhibition, blood
chemistry and testis
effects)
Carbon tetrachloride carcinogenicity 0.0001
(cancer)
Chlordane carcinogenicity 0.00003
(cancer)
Copper acute toxicity 0.17
(gastrointestinal effects
in children, human data)
Cyanide chronic toxicitY 0.15
(no clinical and
histopathological effects
observed)
NA 0.018
1 X 10-6 0.001
lxlO-6 0.0002
NA 0.004
NA 0.005
NA 0.018
1 x 1 0-6 0.0005
lxlO-6 0.0001
NA 1.3 (AL)8
NA 0.15
8 AL = action level.
9 Cyanide: Acute toxicity of concern is respiratory arrest. Long-tenn exposure allows for detoxification.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section
March 2004
Cancer
Risk@
California
MCL
NA
7 X 10-6
5x 10-5
NA
NA
NA
5xlO-6
3xlO-6
NA
NA
Page 5
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
U.UhRi$keat'
<":tJFe:'-$ll
iJd'd..,.attd...Jij
PaJteJJth.~e.)
chronic toxicity
(kidney effects)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
Dalapon
l,2-Dibromo-3-
chloropropane
(DBCP)
1,2-Dichloro-
benzene (o-DCB)
l,4-Dichloro-
benzene (P-DCB)
l,l-Dichloroethane
(l,l-DCA)
1,2-Dichloroethane
(l,2-DCA)
l,l-Dichloro-
ethylene
(l,I-DCE)
Dichloromethane
(methylene chloride)
2,4-Dichloro-
phenoxyacetic acid
(2,4-D)
l,2-Dichloro-
propane (propylene
dichloride)
1,3-Dichloro-
propene
(felone ll@)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)
adipate (DEHA)
DiethylhexyI- .
phthalate (DEaP)
0.79
0.0000017
chronic toxicity
(liver effects)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
chronic toxicity
(liver effects)
0.6
0.006
0.003
0.0004
0.01
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
chronic toxicity
(liver and kidney effects)
0.004
0.07
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
0.0005
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
0.0002
developmental toxicity
(disrupted development)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
0.2
0.012
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section
March 2004
NA
1 x 10-6
NA
lxlO-6
Ix 10-6
IxlO-6
NA
1 x 10-6
NA
lxlO-6
Ix 10-6
NA
lxlO-6
0.2
NA
0.0002
1 X 10-4
0.6
NA
0.005
8x 1O-?
0.005
2x10-6
0.0005
lxlO-6
0.006
NA
0.005
lxlO-6
0.07
NA
0.005
1 x 1 0.5
0.0005
2x 10-6
0.4
NA
0.004
3xlO-?
Page 6
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (pHGs)
Dinoseb
Diquat
Endothall
Endrin
Ethylbenzene
(phenyleiliane)
Ethylene dibromide
Fluoride
Glyphosate
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclo-
pentadiene (HEX)
C~ljfqrnj~ .
PUG
(mgIL)l,
'.!J:.~flt~~i~~t~qfY
(I:q9~!$Jl~ifie .
"(9~.~9nbt
P.~t"es~)
reproductive toxicity 0.014
(uterus and testis effects)
chronic toxicity 0.015
(eye effects) and
developmental toxicity
(malformation)
chronic toxicity (stomach 0.58
effects)
chronic toxicity 0.0018
(liver effects) and
neurotoxicity
(convulsions)
chronic toxicity 0.3
(liver effects)
carcinogenicity 0.0000 I
(cancer)
chronic toxicity 1
(tooth mottling, human
data)
chronic toxicity 1
(kidney effects)
carcinogenicity 0.000008
(cancer)
carcinogenicity 0.000006
(cancer)
carcinogenicity 0.00003
(cancer)
chronic toxicity 0.05
(stomach lesions)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section
March 2004
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1x10-6
NA
NA
Ix 10-6
1x10-6
Ix10-6
NA
0.007
NA
0.02
NA
0.1
NA
0.002
NA
0.3
NA
0.00005
5xl0-6
2
NA
0.7
NA
0.00001
lx10-6
0.00001
2x10-6
0.001
3xlO-S
0.05
NA
Page 7
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (pHGs)
Lead chronic toxicity 0.002 NA 0.015 NA
(neurobehavioral effects (AL)
in children, hypertension
in adults) and
carcinogenicity (cancer)
Lindane carcinogenicity 0.000032 1 x 10-6 0.0002 6x 10-6
(y-BHC) (cancer)
Monocblorobenzene subchronic toxicity 0.2 NA 0.07 NA
( chlorobenzene) (liver damage)
Mercury (inorganic) chronic toxicity 0.0012 NA 0.002 NA
(kidney effects)
Methoxychlor reproductive toxicity 0.03 NA 0.03 NA
(vagina, ovary, uterus and
hormonal effects)
Methyl tertiary-butyl carcinogenicity 0.013 1x10-6 0.013 1x10-6
ether (MTBE) (cancer)
Nickel developmental toxicity 0.012 NA 0.1 NA
(increased neonatal
deaths)
Nitrate acute toxicity 10 as NA 45 as N03 NA
(methemoglobinemia, nitrate-
human data) nitrogen
Nitrite acute toxicity I as nitrite- NA las NA
(methemoglobinemia, nitrogen nitrite-
human data) nitrogen
Nitrate and Nitrite acute toxicity 10 as NA 10 as NA
(methemoglobinemia, nitrogen nitrogen
human data)
Oxamyl chronic toxicity 0.05 NA 0.05 NA
(body weight effects)
Pentachlorophenol carcinogenicity 0.0004 IxlO-6 0.001 3 x 10-6
(PCP) (cancer)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Page 8
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section
March 2004
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Picloram
Silvex (2,4,5- TP)
Simazine
1,1,2,2-
Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
(perchloroethylene,
or PCE)
Thalliwn
Thiobencarb
Toluene
(methylbenzene)
Toxaphene
1,2,4- Trichloro-
benzene
(Unsym- TCB)
1,1,2- Trichloro-
ethylene (TCE)
Trichlorofluoro-
methane
(Freon 11)
1,1~-Trichloro-
1,2,2-trifluoro-
ethane (Freon 113)
chronic toxicity
(liver effects)
chronic toxicity
(liver effects)
chronic toxicity
(reduced body weight)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
subchronic toxicity
(hair loss)
chronic toxicity
(body weight, food
efficiency and enzyme
activity effects)
chronic toxicity
(liver and thymus effects)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
chronic toxicity
(effects on adrenal
glands)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
chronic toxicity
(liver effects)
chronic toxicity
(liver effects)
0.5
0.025
0.004
0.0001
0.00006
0.0001
0.07
0.15
0.00003
0.005
0.0008
0.7
4
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section
March 2004
NA
NA
NA
lxlO-6
lxlO-6
NA
NA
NA
lxl0-6
NA
lxl0-6
NA
NA
. Calitorni
.. a MCL4
. (mgIL)
0.5
0.05
0.004
0.001
0.005
0.002
0.07
0.15
0.003
0.005
0.005
0.15
1.2
Cancer
Risk @
California
MCL
NA
NA
NA
1 x 10.5
8x 10.5
NA
NA
NA
1 X 10-4
NA
6xl0-6
NA
NA
Page 9
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
with California Public Health Goals (pHGs)
Uranium carcinogenicity 0.43pCi/L 1 x 10-6 20pCi/L 5xlO.5
(cancer)
Vinyl chloride carcinogenicity 0.00005 lxlO-6 0.0005 1 x 1 0-5
(cancer)
Xylenes neurotoxicity 1.8 NA 1.75 NA
(effects on senses. mood (single (single
and motor control, isomer or isomer or
human data) sum of sum of
isomers) isomers)
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section
March 2004
Page 10
Table 2: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
without California Public Health Goals
" Health RiskCategory
(more specific
information in
parentheses)
Arsenic
carcinogenicity
(cancer, hwnan data)
chronic toxicity
(stomach, liver effects),
immunotoxicity
(allergic dermatitis)
chronic toxicity
(liver and kidney effects)
chronic toxicity
(blood chemistry and liver
effects)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
reproductive effects
reproductive effects
(decreased nwnber of
offspring)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
subchronic toxicity
(thyroid and reproductive
effects)
o
Chromiwn
0.1
1,2.Dichloro-
ethylene (cis)
1,2-Dichloro-
ethylene (trans)
0.07
0.1
Dioxin
(2,3,7,8-1rCDD)
o
Molinate
none
Polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs)
Perchlorate
o
none
o
NA
NA
NA
o
NA
o
NA
California
MCL4
(mgIL)
0.05
0.05
0.006
0.01
0.00000003
0.02
0.0005
0.004 (AL)
1-2xlO-2
NA
NA
NA
1 X 10-5
NA
lxl0""
NA
I Health risk category based on experimental animaltesting data evaluated in the U.S. EP A MCLG
document or California MCL document unless othelWise specified.
2 MCLG = maximum contaminant level goal established by U.S. EPA.
3 Cancer Risk = theoretical 70-year lifetime excess cancer risk at the statistical confidence limit. Actual
cancer risk may be lower or zero. Cancer risk is stated in tenns of excess cancer cases per million (or
fewer) population, e.g., lxlO-6 means one excess cancer case per million population; 5x1O-smeans five
excess cancer cases per 100,000 population.
4 California MCL = maximum contaminant level established by California.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section
March 2004
Page 11
Table 2: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
without California Public Health Goals
Selenium
..~..."'~I.J:J.R...ftC.tegotY.
(ln9,,~~~~ifie .
bJ.(o~JlJi()nin
. . ... t>~reJl*l1~~$)
chronic toxicity
(hair and nail changes,
skin lesions, blood effects;
human data) and
neurotoxicity
chronic toxicity
(liver, kidney and blood
effects)
reproductive toxicity
(decreased number of
offspring), chronic toxicity
(liver and blood effects)
and neurotoxicity
chronic toxicity
(liver and kidney effects)
and immunotoxicity
0.05
NA
0.05
NA
Styrene
(vinylbenzene)
0.1
NA
0.1
NA
l,l,l-Trichloro-
ethane
(l,l,l-TCA)
0.2
NA
0.2
NA
1,1,2- Trichloro-
ethane
(1,1,2-TCA)
0.003
NA
0.005
NA
Disinfection byproducts (DBPS)
bromate carcinogenicity 0 0 none NA
(cancer)
chloramines acute toxicity (irritation) 45 NA none NA
and chronic toxicity
(stomach effects, anemia)
chlorine acute toxicity (irritation) 45 NA none NA
and chronic toxicity
(stomach effects)
chlorine dioxide chronic toxicity (anemia) 0.85 NA none NA
and neurotoxicity (infants
and young children, human
data) .. ............. ..---.---........---....
5 Maximwn Residual Disinfectant Level Goal, or MIIDLG
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section
March 2004
Page 12
Table 2: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
without California Public Health Goals
chlorite
.. . Health Risk Categoryl
. (more spedfie
information in
parentheses)
chronic toxicity (anemia)
and neurotoxicity (infants
and children, human data)
0.8
NA
none
Cancer
Wsk@
California
MCL
NA
Disinfection b roducts: haloacetic acids
chloroacetic acid NA none NA none NA
dichloroaeetic acid carcinogenicity 0 0 none NA
(cancer)
trichloroacetic acid developmental toxicity 0.3 0 none NA
(nervous system effects)
bromoacetic acid NA none NA none NA
dibromoacetic acid NA none NA none NA
total haloacetic carcinogenicity none NA none NA
acids (cancer)
Disinfection byproduets: trihalomethanes (THMS)
bromodichloro- carcinogenicity 0 0 none NA
methane (BDCM) (cancer)
bromoform carcinogenicity 0 0 none NA
(cancer)
chloroform carcinogenicity none NA none NA
(cancer)
dibromo- chronic toxicity 0.06 NA none NA
chloromethane (liver and kidney effects)
(DBCM) and neurotoxicity
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section
March 2004
Page 13
Table 2: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals
without California Public Health Goals
California
MCL4
(mgIL)
total (sum of
BDCM, bromoform,
chloroform and
DBCM)
" Health Ris
(more ~p ,
informati
parenth~e8)
carcinogenicity
(cancer),
chronic toxicity
(liver and kidney effects),
and neurotoxicity
Radionuclides6
gross alpha
particles
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
beta particles and
photon emitters
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
radium 226 and
228 (combined)
carcinogenicity
(cancer)
none
NA
0.1
o (as of
12/08/2003)
e1Opo
included)
15 pCile
(includes
226Ra but
not radon
and
uranium)
50pCiIL
o
o (as of
12/08/2003)
e10Pb
included)
o
o (as of
12/08/2003)
5pCiIL
o
strontium 90 carcinogenicity none NA 8 pCiIL
(cancer)
tritium carcinogenicity none NA 20,000
(cancer) pCiIL
7 pCi/L = picocuries per liter of water.
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section
March 2004
Cancer
Risk@
California
MCL
NA
up to lxlO-J
(for 21OpO,
the most
potent alpha
emitter
up to 2xlO-J
(for 21OPb,
the most
potent beta-
emitter)
7xlO-5 for
226Ra and
3xl0-4 for
228Ra
2x 10-5
5xlO-5
Page 14
'"
~~
~~
::I",
~~
",><
OZ
:;za:
::EO
~
'1:1 "0'
en.a) '5=
~.~~J$:
0,(0: Ii
----~~-~.
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