SR-800-006-01-02 (2)
~ " Santa lvfonlca'fllIfornIa, July Z~, 1977
;!t?CJ- CC6 -tJ/-- O:z- II F
TO: )Aayor and CIty CouncIl 'JUL 2 6 1977
FROM: CIty Staff
SUBJ ECT: Hel1copter OperatIons at Santa l\lonlca Auport
IntroductIon
ThIS report reVIews helIcopter f11ght traInIng operatIons and current
hehcopter arrIval/departure procedures at Santa MonIca Airport. It
recommends that all helIcopter traInIng be elu~l1nated at the airport
and that the pattern altitude for all helIcopter s be Increas ed from
500 feet to 700 feet.
Background
Pursuant to the JOInt meeting vi.'lth the AIrport CommIssIon In December
1976, and as a result of the numerous complaInts by aIrport resIdents
regardIng the nOIse generated by helIcopter trainIng operatIons, the
CIty CouncIl reque sted staff to complete an analYSIS of helIcopter
operatIOns; speCIfically, alternatives concermng restrIction of helIcopter
flIght traimng at Santa MOnIca Airport.
Further, In respons e to complaInts concernIng nOIse from tranSIent
helIcopters, thIS report also reVIews current helIcopter arrival/departure
procedures and prOVIdes recommendatIons to reduce nOIse levels emanating
from such flIght operatIons.
II F
UUl 2 6 1971.
TO: f..-layor and #ouncIl
.,
July 22, 1977
-2-
HelIcopter OperatIons at Santa lVlonica AIrport
There are currently two fIxed base operators at Santa 1vlonlca AIrport
that utlhze hehcopters In theu dally buslnes s actiVItIes, BrIles \Vlng
and Hehcopter, Inc., and Krueger AVIatIon, Inc.
It should be noted
that upon receIpt of request by staff for certaIn InformatIon germaIne
to thIs report, both BrIles Hehcopter and Krueger A vlatlon refused to
provide that lnformatlon on adVIce of legal counsel.
Briles WIng and Hehcopter IS prImarily an au transport company and
deploys Its helIcopters In vanous 1'alr-hftl' operatIons throughout the
world. ASIde from maintenance and repaH operations performed on
the ground and WIthIn the confInes of theu hangar facilIty, addItIonal
helicopter actiVIty by Briles, Inc., Involves arnval and departure
flIght operatIons. WIth the exceptIon of an occasIonal equIpment repair
test, Briles HelIcopters do not use the aIrport hehcopter pattern.
Krueger AVIatIon, Inc. IS a mulh-purpose fixed base operator that IS
Involved in several commerCIal aVlation actiVItIes includIng aIrplane
sales, rental, and flIght traInIng. In addItion, Krueger A vlatIon operates
the only helIcopter flIght traInIng school at Santa I'vlonlca, and as such 15
the primary user of the Santa MOllIca helicopter trammg pattern.
TO: Mayor and .ouncil
'" July 22, 1977
-3-
HelIcopter FlIght TraInIng - Santa MOnIca Auport
The Krueger AVIation Fltght School operates two hehcopters. a 1959
Bell 47G2 and a 1969 Bell JetRanger 206B.
The JetRanger 20bB IS
a turbine helIcopter whIch 15 used pnmanly for charter rental and
some lessons. The Bell 47G 15 a piston engine helIcopter, whIch IS
used almost exclusIvely for Instructional purposes. The flight school
admInIsters les sons at Santa ]v[onIca AIrport and uses the helicopter
trainIng pattern whIch IS sItuated on the north sIde of the aIrfIeld,
south of Ocean Park Boulevard, west of Bundy Dnve and east of
25th Street.
FlIght InstructIon IS avaIlable seven days per week between the
hours of 9:00 a. m. and 7:00 p. m.
Each lesson costs approxImately
$90.00 per I hour seSSIon. It IS estImated that Krue ger AVIatton averages
between 4 and 5 lessons per day durIng the week, and 2 to 3 lessons per
day on Saturdays. It should be noted that a restrIcted pattern confining
all helicopter lessons to a narrow 2,500 foot stnp north of the runway
between Bundy A venue and 25th Street IS Imposed on all weekend les sons.
Based on these esttmates, and a 25% downtime factor due to Inclement
weather and maintenance and repaIrs, staff projects that Krueger A vIahon
grosses between $77,220 and $98,280 per year on the hehcopter flIght
traInIng operation. Without detaIled Input from Krueger A viahon, it IS
impossible to project overhead costs and net profIt.
TO: Mayor and #,ounCIl
.
July 22, 1977
-4-
The CIty currently receIves $4,143. 16 per year In rental paymert s
from Krueger A vlatIon, Inc.
Helicopter NOIse - Measurement in PNdbs (PerceIved NOIse Levels in DecIbels)
The reason hehcopters generate more complaInts than many louder, fIxed
wing aIrcraft, IS a result of IndI vidual nOIse percephon. People react
differently to varIOUS sounds much as they react differently to other sensory
sbmuh. There are several factors that WIll Influence how one perceives
a nOIse, such as duratIon, varIabIlity, unfamlharity, as well as amphtude
(loudness).
One method used to accurately measure human reachons to
helicopters IS the perceIved nOIse level scale expressed In decIbels
(PXdb scale).
The PNdb scale conSIder s the distribution of frequencies
that make up a sound and thus correlates well wIth subjectIve Judgments
of the nOISIness or annoyance levels of vanous types of sounds, such as
helIcopters.
Sound of the Hehcopter - Blade Slap
The unIque sound of a hehcopter 16 readily IdentIfiable even when ItS
perceI ved level falls below that of more common nois e sources such
as trucks and buses. ThIS IS due to the modulatIon produced by the
relatively slow turning maIn rotor. The modulatIon, referred to as
"blade slappIng!!, draws an observer1 s attentIon to the sound, and will
TO: 1:v1ayor and c.ouncll
--
July 22, 1977
-5-
Influence the reactIon to the sound. As a helicopter performs the
many fhght operatIons It IS capable of (1. e. hover, take-off, level
flIght, descent) Its sound vanes, often qUIte rapIdly. The VarIabIhty
characterIstic further causes the sound of the hehcopter to be disruptive.
In addItion to the factors of modulation and vanabIlity, IS the component
of extended duratIon whIch results from the comparatively slow flight
speed of a helIcopter.
To further clanfy the PNdb effect of hehcopter operatIons, Table 1
IndIcates that a an altItude of 500 feet, a Bell 47G would reach approxI-
mately 95 PNdb or 10 db over the background of a downtown commercIal
area wIth heavy traffIc. By companson, as a result of muffler adJust-
ments to Krueger! s Bell 47G2, the nOlse tests conducted at Santa MonIca
Airport lU January 1975, mdicated that thIs hehclOpter would reach the
85 PNdb level. WhIle this would not be perceptIble In a downtown
commercIal area, the neIghborhood currently affected by the pattern
flYIng generates substantIally less background nOIse.
Consequently, It IS staff's belIef that because of the resIdentIal nature
of the affected neIghborhood, and the erratIc and extended noi se hehcopters
produce, the current policy of allowIng 4 to 5 hours of helIcopter traInIng
adjacent to thIS noise sensItIve resIdential area WIll contInue to generate
TO: Mayor and #,ounCll
~
July 22, 1977
-6-
the consIstent flow of nOIse complaInts that has per sIsted over the last
several years.
_~ehcopter Fhght Training - Procedures Csed at Other Auports
Staff contacted several airports and hehcopter flIght traInIng schools In
the Los Angeles County area to determine how helIcopter nOlse has been
controlled.
Van Nuys AIrport -
Helicopter flight tralmng was elImInated at Van Nuys Auport in 1972.
The helIcopter flight traimng school In operation at Van Nuys IS Bud
Walen AVIatIon, Incorporated. For the past 5 years .Walen A \:,-ab,on
has been USIng Santa Susana AIrport, a prIvately owned aIrport In
Ventura County, and a model aIrcraft field In the Newhall- ValenCla
area. Both these locations are approxImately 10 mIles from Bud Walen
AviatIon base of operations. In dIscussions Villth staff, .walen AVIatIon
indicated that upon prohIbItion of hehcopter operatIons at Van Nuys,
they were able to transitIon their operatIons to Santa Susana and Newhall
WIthout Increasing the costs of theIr lessons. In addItion, they stated
that no reductIon In hehcopter trainIng lessons demand was experIenced.
.Walen AVIatIon currently pays Santa Susanna $30 per month to operate at
the airport. The charge for les sons IS $100 per hour and the helIcopter
TO: Mayor and cfl',ounCll
"
July 22, 1977
-7-
used is a Bell 47G2. It should be noted that the terminahon of hehcopter
flight traInIng at Van Nuys Airport was pursuant to nOIse complaInts
from the nOIse sensihve residential areas In the VICInIty of Van Nuys
AIrport.
Hollywood-Burbank AIrport -
Hollywood-Burbank AIrport ehmInated all helIcopter flIght traImng III
the airport vicinity In 1971. The aIrport IS currently owned by Lockheed
AIr TermInal, Incorporated. The only hebcopter flIght trainIng school
based at Hollywood-Burbank AIrport IS Hebcopters InternatIonal,
Incorporated. ThIS operatron owns four helIcopters, two of wmch are
Bell 4 7G21 s and one Bell J etRanger 206B. The cost for les sons ranges
between $86 and $110 for the 47G21 s. Smce the prohIbItion of helIcopter
flight traInIng at Burbank AIrport, HelIcopters International has been
USIng both WhIteman AIrport, a Los Angeles County operated airport
located in PacOlma, and the model airplane park In the ValenCla-l'\ewhall
area. \VhIteman AIrport IS In exces s of five mIles froln the Hehcopter s
Internabonal operatIng base In Burbank, while the ValenCIa-Newhall area
IS approximately 18-20 nules away (30 lnInute round tnp). HelIcopters
InternatIonal states that the move to off-base flIght training locatIons dId
not effect bUSIness adversely. In addltIon~ prices were not Increased
TO: ivlayor and c.ounCIl
~
July 22, 1977
-8-
when they were forced to leave Hollywood-Burbank AIrport. In general,
despIte the added dIstance, HelIcopters International maIntaIns that
busIness has Increased durIng the last two years.
Torrance AIrport -
Pursuant to the receIpt of numerous complaInts from nOIse senSItIve
areas adjacent to Torrance AIrport, several new restrIctIons concernIng
helIcopter flIght traInIng have been Implemented V.'I thIn the last year. The
sole company operatIng as a flight trainIng school at Torrance AIrport IS
PenInsula AVIatIon, Incorporated. TheIr operations have been restrIcted
from conducting lessons on the perIphery of the airport, to pattern flYIng
on the aHport runway Itself. Torrance IS dIfferent In configuratIon than
Santa lVIonIca Airport In that It has two separate runways, thus accommodatIng
thIS type of arrangement. PenInsula AVIatIon IndIcated that no loss of
bUSIness has been experIenced as a result of these further restrIctIons.
ElImInation of Helicopter FlIght Traimng at Santa MOnIca AIrport
SInce Krueger AVIatIon IS the only helicopter operatIon at Santa MonIca
Airport utIlIZIng the fhght traInIng pattern, the prohIbItIon of any
helIcopter flIght tralmng 10 the current pattern would elImInate the nOIse
level problem whIch currently eXIsts. It IS staff! s opinIon that most
per sons lning 10 the vIcimty of the current fhght pattern would be
TO: Mayor and #ounC1l
~
July 22, 1977
-9-
disturbed by the contInuous exposure to helIcopter pattern flYIng.
Staff dIscussions wIth comparable helIcopter traimng operations
support the conclusion that alternate helIcopter traInIng sites may be
available. Further, whIle negotiations for the use of alternative
pattern sItes are solely the responsIbIlIty of Krueger AVIatIon,
prelimInary staff research Indicated that Hughe s AIrport In Culver
CIty and certaIn sectIons of the Santa rv-fonIca 1rlountaIn area mIght
prove to be acceptable locatIons. Both facilitIes are withm 10 miles
of the Santa Monica Airport.
Helicopter Operations for Arnvals and Departures
The current procedures for arrIval and departure of hehcopters at
Santa MonIca AIrport stIpulate that all helicopters shall approach or
depart Santa Monica AIrport at 900 angle to the aIrfIeld from both the
north and the south at an altitude of 500 feet above the ground to be
maintained untIl cros sIng the airport boundary.
Santa J\.10nica AIrport expenences an average of six to ten helicopter
arrival and departure operatIons per day. Most of these conSist of
helIcopters owned by Briles HelIcopter and the various law enforcement
TO: Mayor and #,ounCIl
~
July 22, 1977
-10-
agencIes in Los Angeles County Including Los Angeles PolIce Department
h ehcopters, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department helicopters, and
Cahforma Highway Patrol hehcopters. The varlOUS patrol helIcopters
use Santa :tv10nIca AIrport as a fuehng statIon. CombIned fuel sales
average approxImately $500.00 per month.
vVlthln the last year, staff has received numerous complaInts concernIng
the nOIse levels of tranSIent hehcopters approachIng and departing Santa
Momca Airport from both the north and south SIdes of the aufield. Staff
belIeves that the reason for these complaints are twofold: 1) those
resIdences on the north SIde of the aHport do not have the benefIt of
the buffer provIded by the old McDonnell-Douglas structures; and 2) the
homes situated In the hehcopter approach pattern from the south are
located on a hIll that elevates them to approximately 150 to 200 feet,
whIch reduces the dIstance between the homes and the approachIng and
departing helIcopters from 500 feet to apprOXImately 300 to 350 feet.
In discus sIng thIS problem With the FAA control tower per s onnel, staff
suggested that the pattern altItude be increased from 500 feet to 700 feet
above ground level. It was the control tower personnel's opInIon that
700 feet represented the maximum acceptable pattern altitude for
TO: Mayor and pouncIl
"
July 22, 1977
-11-
helIcopter arrIval and departure operatIons, and that any hIgher
altitude could result In an unsafe situatIon between fixed WIng aIrcraft
and helIcopters.
Staff discus sed the 200 foot pattern altitude Increase with Bolt,
Beranek and Newrnan, nOIse consultants, to determIne the actual
perceptIble nOIse level effect thIS might have for aIrport resIdents.
It IS Bolt, Beranek and Newman1 s opInIon that such adJustment In
flIght pattern altitude would result III a 2db to 3 db decrease In nOlse
levels, or a maXImum of 20% perceptible nOIse dIfference for those
reSIdents directly under the approach pattern.
Alternati ve S
1. Hehcopter FlIght Training: OperatlOns
1. ElImInatIon of all helIcopter flight traInIng operatIons at Santa
Moruca AIrport - ThIS alternative would effectIvely elImInate
all nOlse complaInts generated from the current use of the
helIcopter flight traIllIng pattern by Krueger AVIation AIrcraft
for helIcopter Instruchon. ThIS alternative would reqUIre that
Krueger A Vlabon fmd an off-b;;.se location for their flIght
traInIng operations.
TO: Mayor and ~ouncIl
~
July 22, 1977
-12-
2. Restrict pattern flYIng for helIcopters to one or two lessons per day.
This alternatIve would not resolve the overrIding problem of nOIse
generated by any helicopter actIvIty resultIng from lessons In the
flIght traimng pattern.
3. Impose no further restnctIOns on helIcopter fhght tralmng at Santa
Monica AIrport.
This alternatIve would result in no change In nOIse levels generated
from hehcopter actIVIty at the aIrport.
II. Adjustment of HelIcopter OperatIons Pertallling to ArrIval and Departures
1. Increase the current helicopter pattern altItude arrival and departure
pattern from 500 feet to 700 feet -- thIS alternatIve would not pose
a safety problem In terms of fIxed WIng aIrcraft operatIons at Santa
Monica AIrport. It would reduce the perceptible noise levels for
aIrport reSIdents located dIrectly under the helicopter approach
patterns by as much as 20%.
2. MallltaIn current flIght pattern altItude at 500 feet. ThIS alternatIve
would of course, result In no perceptIble nOIse level change for
airport reSIdents under the helIcopter flight arrIval and departure
patterns.
.
TO, Mayor and CfIIOUnCll
--
July 22, 1977
~
.
-13-
Recommendation
1. Staff recommends that CouncIl approve AlternatIve #1 (1) whIch
would prohIbIt all helicopter pattern flight tralll111g at Santa Monica
AIrport, and would authorize the CIty Attorney to prepare an
ordinance for fIrst readIng.
II. Staff recommends that Council approve AlternatIve #II (1) Increasing
helicopter arrival and departure pattern altItude from 500 feet to
700 feet. ThIS alternative would allow staff to offICIally request
that the FAA Impose thIS new pattern altItude, and consequently
would not become operational until FAA approval IS received.
Prepared by: LARRY J. KOSMONT
AdmInistratIve Assistant
LJK:dvl
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TABLE I
COMPARISON OF AVERAC1E PERCEIVED N01SE LEVELS
FOR COMMERCIAL HELICOPTERS
WITH TYPICAL BACKGROUND NOISE LEVELS
70
I 1 I f I j
--~-- ~,~~:;- I I
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1 1 r J
VERTOL 107 SIKORSKY $-61 I I
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BELL 47G
~ J:Z?
BEL L 205A
i
--+--
1
60
50
100
400
4000
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1000
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DISTANCE TO HELICOPTER, FEET
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