SR-502-007 (2)
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.
Y-13
MAY 2 2 1990
502-00?-
CA:RMM:jld407/hpc
City council Meeting 5-22-90
Santa Monica, California
STAFF REPORT
TO:
Mayor and city council
FROM:
city Attorney
SUBJECT:
Emergency ordinance Amending the provisions of
Chapter 2A of Article VII of the Santa Monica
Municipal Code Relating to Water Conservation
At its meeting on May 15, 1990, the city council directed
the City Attorney to prepare an emergency ordinance amending the
City's Water Conservation Ordinance.
In response to this
direction, the accompanying ordinance has been prepared and is
presented to the City Council for its consideration.
The accompanying emergency ordinance amends the city's
current Water Conservation Ordinance by further limiting use of
water in the city. The ordinance prohibits watering lawns more
than two times per week, prohibits the hosing down of sidewalks
at any time, and prohibits the filling of pools or spas except
when the pool or spa has been emptied for repairs or when they
are new.
The ordinance also requires eating establishments to
place placards on each table informing patrons that drinking
water will only be provided upon the request of a patron.
Enforcement provisions have also been amended by granting
citation authority to Water Conservation Inspectors, providing
that each day a violation occurs constitutes a separate offense,
and providing that each violation of the ordinance is a public
!~~
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nuisance and as such may be abated by means of a civil action
initiated by the City Attorney.
Finally, the accompanying
ordinance provides that the emergency which necessitated the more
stringent water conservation requirements may be ended upon a
resolution of the city Council.
RECOMMENDATION
It is respectfully recommended that the accompanying
ordinance be adopted.
PREPARED BY: Robert M. Myers, city Attorney
Joseph Lawrence, Assistant City Attorney
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CA:RMM:jld406jhpc
City Council Meeting 5-22-90
"'& P--t. -{II. I' I
Santa Monica, California
ORDINANCE NUMBER
(City Council Series)
AN EMERGENCY ORDINANCE OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE
CITY OF SANTA MONICA AMENDING THE PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER 2A
OF ARTICLE VII OF THE SANTA MONICA MUNICIPAL CODE
RELATING TO WATER CONSERVATION
THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF SANTA MONICA DOES ORDAIN AS
FOLLOWS:
SECTION 1. Chapter 2A of Article VII of the Santa Monica
Municipal Code is amended to read as follows:
SECTION 7241.
water conservation
Requirements.
The
following
water
conservation requirements shall apply to
all persons within the City of santa
Monica:
(a)
Watering Days.
No lawn or
landscape area shall be watered more
frequently than twice during any seven
(7) day period.
(b)
Waterinq Hours.
No lawn or
landscape area shall be watered between
the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. on
any day. This subsection shall not apply
to any drip irrigation system approved by
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.
.
/J
fJl ( {1q
~
\oj. t ;!
the Director of General Services or if
the Director of General services approves
an
exemption
for
irrigation
system
maintenance, leak repair, or new planting
and fertilization.
(c)
Anti-waste
Measures.
No
person shall use water or permit water to
be used to:
(1) Wash, clean, or clear
walkways, patios, driveways, alleys, or
parkinq areas, whether paved or unpaved.
(2)
Wash
or
clean
any
vehicle including, but not limited to,
any
automobile,
truck,
van,
bus,
motorcycle,
boat or trailer,
whether
motorized or unmotorized, except by use
of
a
hand
held
bucket
or
similar
container or a hose equipped with a
positive action quick release shut-off
valve or nozzle.
This subsection shall
not apply to any commercial car washing
facility.
(3) Excessively water any
lawn or landscape area and water shall
not be permitted to run off lawns or
landscape
areas
onto
any
gutters,
streets, or alleys.
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. ~
e.-t-- f v. C ../
(4) Clean, fill, or maintain
levels in decorative fountains, ponds,
lakes, or displays unless a recycling
system or sea water is used.
(5)
Fill
any
spa
or
permanent swimming or wading pool except
for the first fillinq of a newly and
lawfully installed or constructed spa,
swimming or wadinq pool, or except to
fill the spa or pool after it has been
emptied to perform leak repair work.
(6) Leak from any exterior
or interior pipe,
hose,
or pI umbing
fixture of any kind whatsoever.
(d)
Eatinq Establishments.
All
eating
establishments
of
any
kind
whatsoever including, but not limited to,
any restaurant, hotel, cafe, cafeteria,
bar, or club, whether public or private,
where food is served, shall~
(1) Provide drinking water
to any person only upon receipt of an
express request.
(2) Place on each table
placards or siqns indicatinq that because
of severe drought and water shortage
conditions, drinking water will only be
served upon customer or patron request.
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.1- (
i/C,..rw.t-
(e) Exceptions. The provisions of
this Section are not applicable to the
uses of water which are necessary to
protect public health and safety or for
essential governmental services, such as
police, fire, and other similar emergency
services.
SECTION
7242.
Penalties.
The
Water Division is authorized to enforce
Section 7241 as follows:
(a) For the first failure to
comply with any provision of Section
7241, the Water Division shall issue to
the affected customer a written notice of
the fact of such failure to comply. The
notice
shall
include
the
following
information:
(1) A statement specifying
the violation committed.
(2)
A
statement
of
the
penalty for continued noncompliance.
(b) For each subsequent failure to
comply with any provision of Section
7241, the Water Division may levy a
surcharge of Twenty Dollars ($20.00) or
twenty percent (20%) of the customer's
water bill for the previous billing
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.~
tll' !
periOd,
whichever
is
greater.
Any
statement informing a customer of the
assessment of a surcharge shall include a
notice setting forth the hearing rights
provided in subdivision (e) below.
(e)
assessed
Any
customer
surcharge pursuant to subdivision (b) may
dispute the surcharge by requesting a
hearing within the time and manner set
forth in Municipal Code section 6126,
provided that no hearing request shall be
deemed timely filed and no hearing shall
be held unless, within the time period to
request a hearing, the customer deposits
with the city Treasurer money in the
amount of any unpaid surcharge due under
this section.
If as a result of the
hearing
it
that
is
determined
surcharge was wrongly assessed, the City
shall refund any money deposited to the
customer.
The decision of the Hearing
Examiner shall be
final
except
judicial
review
and
shall
not
appealable to the City Council.
(d) It shall not be a defense to
the assessment of any surcharge or to any
other civil enforcement action provided
for under this section for a customer to
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...
vI' (
a
the
for
be
.
. ~
i'~~ b t vf ,:
assert that any violation of section 7241
was caused by the actions of a person
other than the customer except if the
violation was caused by the criminal or
negligent action of a person who was not
an agent, servant, employee, or family
member of the customer.
(e) Any surcharge provided for
hereunder shall be added to subsequent
water billings until paid and when
collected by the Water Division shall be
deposited in the Water Operating Fund as
reimbursement for the Water Division's
costs and expenses of administration and
enforcement of this Chapter.
(f) The violation of this Chapter
shall constitute an infraction punishable
by a fine not to exceed One Hundred
Dollars ($100.00) . Each day that a
violation occurs shall constitute a
separate offense.
(g) Pursuant to Penal Code Section
836.5, the Water Conservation Coordinator
and Water Conservation Inspectors may
arrest wi thout a warrant any person
whenever the Coordinator or Inspector has
reasonable cause to believe that the
person to be arrested has committed an
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l: '''" U'~ "
.'
infraction
in his or her presence which
is a violation of this Chapter.
In any
case in which a person is arrested
pursuant to this Section, and the person
arrested does not demand to be taken
before
a
magistrate,
the
Water
Conservation
Coordinator
or
Water
Conservation Inspector shall prepare a
wri tten notice to appear and
shall
release the arrested person on his or her
promise to appear as provided for in
section 3606 of this Code.
(h) A violation of any provision
of this Chapter is declared to be a
publ ic nuisance and the City Attorney is
authorized to abate such violation(s) by
means of a civil action.
(i) The penalties and remedies
established by this Chapter shall be
cumulative.
SECTION
7243.
Relief
from
Compliance.
The City Manager or his or
her designated representative may, in
writing, grant variances to persons who
apply on forms supplied by the city for
usages of water prohibited by Section
7241 if it is found that such variance is
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.
,.'~.
-'f-- _
v..(-p<t
necessary
to
emergency
prevent
an
condition relating to health and safety,
or extreme economic hardship, or if the
person
seeking
a
variance
has
demonstrated
that
he
she
has
or
implemented water conservation measures
in some other manner that achieves the
objectives of this Chapter.
SECTION 7242. City of Santa Monica
voluntary Water Conservation Plan. In
addition
water
conservation
to
the
requirements of Section 7241, the City
Manager or his or her designate is
authorized to develop and promulgate a
voluntary water conservation plan which
shall be directed to achieve a reduction
in water consumption within the City of
Santa Monica.
SECTION
Duration
7244.
ordinance.
The City Council may suspend
any
provision
Chapter
this
of
declarinq through resolution that the
emergency caused by the drought condition
has ended. Any provision of this Chapter
so suspended can be reimposed upon a
finding by resolution of the City Council
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of
by
.
.
~
{i-'/4.-f ...e.-/
that emergency drought conditions have
reoccurred.
SECTION 7245. City of Santa Monica
Voluntary Water Conservation Plan. In
addition
to
the
water
conservation
requirements of section 7241, the City
Manager or his or her designate is
authorized to develop and promulgate a
voluntary water conservation plan which
shall be directed to achieve at least a
ten percent (10%)
reduction in water
consumption within the City of Santa
Monica.
The City Manager shall report
the details of such a plan to the city
Council.
SECTION 2.
Any provision of the Santa Monica Municipal
Code or appendices thereto inconsistent with the provisions of
this Ordinance, to the extent of such inconsistencies and no
further, are hereby repealed or modified to that extent necessary
to affect the provisions of this Ordinance.
SECTION 3.
If any section, subsection, sentence, clause,
or phrase of this Ordinance is for any reason held to be invalid
or unconstitutional by a decision of any court of any competent
jurisdiction, such decision shall not affect the validity of the
remaining portions of this Ordinance.
The City Council hereby
declares that it would have passed this Ordinance, and each and
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.
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tt~ ,. t we-I
every section, subsection, sentence, clause, or phrase not
declared inval id or unconstitutional without regard to whether
any portion of the Ordinance would be subsequently declared
invalid or unconstitutional.
SECTION 4. The Mayor shall sign and the City Clerk shall
attest to the passage of this Ordinance. The City Clerk shall
cause the same to be published once in the official newspaper
within 15 days after its adoption. This Ordinance shall become
effective after 30 days from its adoption.
SECTION 5. This Ordinance is declared to be an emergency
measure adopted pursuant to the provisions of City Charter
section 615 and is necessary for preserving the public peace,
health, and safety. An emergency has been caused by the drought
conditions within the State of California and within the City of
Santa Monica, and there is a threatened water shortage within the
City of Santa Monica. The enactment of a water reduction plan as
an emergency measure is necessary in order to preserve the public
peace, health, and safety. An emergency water conservation plan
is necessary to minimize the effect of the shortage of water
wi thin the City of Santa Monica and that such a plan will
significantly reduce the consumption of water, thereby extending
the available water required by the City of Santa Monica while
minimizing the hardship caused to the general public to the
greatest extent possible.
Pursuant to city Charter Section
619(d}, this Ordinance shall take effect and be in full force and
effect immediately after the passage and adoption thereof.
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APPROVED AS TO FORM:
~ "'-'. v---x--
ROBERT M. MYERS V
city Attorney
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.
Was lt amended?
/1// .
/Yl../
ALL FOR CITY CLERK'S ACTION
ORDINANCE #
Introduced: S-~....:(l/9 0
Adopted: ~./~/96
ALWAYS PUBLISH ADOPTED ORDINANCES
Cross out Attorney1s approval
BEFORE DISTRIBUTION CHECK CONTENT OF
DISTRIBUTION OF RESOLUTION # / 5 ~) 7
/
S-/
Council Meetlng Date /-7:? /90
Agenda Item #
1--3
VOTE: Affirmatlve: 7 - ()
Negatlve:
Abstaln:
Absent:
PROOF VOTES WITH ANOTHER PERSON BEFORE ANYTHING
DISTRIBUTION: ORIGINAL to he slgned, sealed and flied in Vault.
NEWSPAPER PUBLICATION (Date:
Department orlg1natlng staff report ( Laurle Lleberman)
Ordlnances only for Attorney ( Claudia Thompson)
Management Servlces Lynne Barrette ORDINANCES ONLY
Agency mentioned ln document or staff report
(certlfled? )
f
2
1
SubJect flle (agenda packet)
1
Counter flle
1
Others: (Review
Alrport
Audltorium
for departments who need to know) .
Parklng Auth.
Personnel
BU11ding Dept.
ClEO
Planning
Pollce
Purchasing
R€Cr/Parks
Flnance
General Servo
Llbrary Transportatlon
Manager Treasurer
Flre _~~~~ I
SEND FOUR COPIES OF ALL ORDINANCES TO:
CODED SYSTEMS 4
120 Maln Street
Avon, New Jersey 07717
SEND FOUR COPIES OF ALL ORDINANCES TO: 4
Rebecca Garrido
Santa Monlca Munlclpal Court
1725 Main Street, Room 118
Santa Monica, CA 90401
Total Cop~es
IS~
.
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CA:RMM:jld406jhpc
City council Meeting 5-22-90
Santa Monica, california
ORDINANCE NUMBER 1527 (CCS)
(City council Series)
AN EMERGENCY ORDINANCE OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE
CITY OF SANTA MONICA AMENDING THE PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER 2A
OF ARTICLE VII OF THE SANTA MONICA MUNICIPAL CODE
RELATING TO WATER CONSERVATION
THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF SANTA MONICA DOES ORDAIN AS
FOLLOWS:
SECTION 1. Chapter 2A of Article VII of the Santa Monica
Municipal Code is amended to read as follows:
SECTION 7241.
Water conservation
Requirements.
The
following
water
conservation requirements shall apply to
all persons within the City of Santa
Monica:
(a)
Watering Days.
No lawn or
landscape area shall be watered more
frequently than twice during any seven
(7) day period.
(b)
Watering Hours.
No lawn or
landscape area shall be watered between
the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. on
any day. This subsection shall not apply
to any drip irrigation system approved by
- 1 -
.
.
the Director of General Services or if
the Director of General Services approves
an exemption for irrigation system
maintenance, leak repair, or new planting
and fertilization.
(e) Anti-Waste Measures. No
person shall use water or permit water to
be used to:
(1) Wash, clean, or clear
walkways, patios, driveways, alleys, or
parking areas, whether paved or unpaved
~xcept by use of a hand held bucket or
similar container or by use of a cleaning
machine equipped to recycle any water
used. In no event shall any water so
used be permitted to run off into
streets, alleys or storm drains.
(2) Wash or clean any
vehicle inClUding, but not limited to,
any automobile, truck, van, bus,
motorcycle, boat or trailer, whether
motorized or unmotorized, except by use
of a hand held bucket or similar
container or a hose equipped with a
positive action quick release shut-off
valve or nozzle. This subsection shall
not apply to any commercial car waShing
facility.
- 2 -
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.
.
(3) Excessively water any
lawn or landscape area and water shall
not be permitted to run off lawns or
landscape areas onto any gutters,
streets, or alleys.
(4) Clean, fill, or maintain
levels in decorative fountains, ponds,
lakes, or displays unless a recycling
system or sea water is used.
(5) Fill any spa or
permanent swimming or wading pool except
for the first fillinq of a newly and
lawfully installed or constructed spa,
swimming or wading pool, or except to
fill the spa or pool after it has been
emptied to perform leak repair work.
( 6 ) Leak from any exterior
or interior pipe, hose, or plumbing
fixture of any kind whatsoever.
(d) Eating Establishments. All
eating establishments of any kind
whatsoever including, but not limited to,
any restaurant, hotel, cafe, cafeteria,
bar, or club, whether public or private,
where food is served, shall~
(1) Provide drinking water
to any person only upon receipt of an
express request.
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.
.
I.
(2) Place on each table
placards or signs indicating that because
of severe drought and water shortage
conditions, drinkinq water will only be
served upon customer or patron request.
(e) Exceptions. The provisions of
this Section are not applicable to the
uses of water which are necessary to
protect public health and safety or for
essential governmental services, such as
police, fire, and other similar emergency
services.
SECTION 7242. penalties. The
Water Division is authorized to enforce
section 7241 as follows:
(a) For the first failure to
comply with any provision of section
7241, the Water Division shall issue to
the affected customer a written notice of
the fact of such failure to comply. The
notice shall include the following
information:
(1) A statement specifying
the violation committed.
(2) A statement of the
penalty for continued noncompliance.
- 4 -
.
.
f.
(b) For each subsequent failure to
comply with any provision of Section
7241, the Water Division may levy a
surcharge of Twenty Dollars ($20.00) or
twenty percent ( 2 0 %) of the customer's
water bill for the previous billing
period, whichever is greater. Any
statement informing a customer of the
assessment of a surcharge shall include a
notice setting forth the hearing rights
provided in subdivision (c) below.
(e) Any customer assessed a
surcharge pursuant to subdivision Cb) may
dispute the surcharge by requesting a
hearing wi thin the time and manner set
forth in Municipal Code Section 6126,
provided that no hearing request shall be
deemed timely filed and no hearing shall
be held unless, within the time period to
request a hearing, the customer deposits
with the City Treasurer money in the
amount of any unpaid surcharge due under
this Section. If as a result of the
hearing it is determined that the
surcharge was wrongly assessed, the City
shall refund any money deposited to the
customer. The decision of the Hearing
Examiner shall be final except for
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.
.
t-
judicial review and shall not be
appealable to the city council.
(d) It shall not be a defense to
the assessment of any surcharqe or to any
other civil enforcement action provided
for under this section for a customer to
assert that any violation of section 7241
was caused by the actions of a person
other than the customer except if the
violation was caused by the criminal or
negligent action of a person who was not
an agent, servant, employee, or family
member of the customer.
(e) Any surcharge provided for
hereunder shall be added to subsequent
water billings until paid and when
collected by the Water Oivision shall be
deposited in the Water Operating Fund as
reimbursement for the Water Division's
costs and expenses of administration and
enforcement of this Chapter.
ef) The violation of this Chapter
shall constitute an infraction punishable
by a fine not to exceed One Hundred
Dollars ($100.00). Each day that a
violation occurs shall constitute a
separate offense.
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.
t.
(g) Pursuant to Penal Code Section
836.5, the Water Conservation Coordinator
and Water Conservation Inspectors may
arrest wi thout a warrant any person
whenever the Coordinator or Inspector has
reasonable cause to believe that the
person to be arrested has commi tted an
infraction in his or her presence which
is a violation of this Chapter. In any
case in which a person is arrested
pursuant to this Section, and the person
arrested does not demand to be taken
before a magistrate, the Water
Conservation Coordinator or Water
Conservation Inspector shall prepare a
written notice to appear and shall
release the arrested person on his or her
promise to appear as provided for in
Section 3606 of this Code.
(h) A violation of any provision
of this Chapter is declared to be a
publ ic nuisance and the ci ty Attorney is
authorized to abate such violation (s) by
means of a civil action.
(i) The penalties and remedies
established by this Chapter shall be
cumulative.
- 7 -
.
.
SECTION 7243. Relief from
Compliance. The City Manager or his or
her designated representative may, in
wri ting , grant variances to persons who
apply on forms supplied by the City for
usages of water prohibited by section
7241 if it is found that such variance is
necessary to prevent an emergency
condi tion relating to health and safety,
or extreme economic hardship, or if the
person seeking a variance has
demonstrated that he or she has
implemented water conservation measures
in some other manner that achieves the
objectives of this Chapter.
SECTION 7244. DuratioD of
Ordinance. The Ci ty Council may suspend
any provision of this Chapter by
declaring through resolution that the
emergency caused by the drought condition
has ended. Any provision of this Chapter
so suspended can be reimposed upon a
finding by resolution of the city Council
that emergency drought conditions have
reoccurred.
SECTION 7245. city of santa Honica
Voluntary Water conservation Plan. In
- 8 -
.
.
addition to the water conservation
requirements of Section 7241, the City
Manager or his or her designate is
authorized to develop and promulgate a
voluntary water conservation plan which
shall be directed to achieve at least a
ten percent (10%) reduction in water
consumption within the City of Santa
Monica. The City Manager shall report
the details of such Ii plan to the Ci ty
Council.
SECTION 2. Any provision of the Santa Monica Municipal
Code or appendices thereto inconsistent with the provisions of
this Ordinance, to the extent of such inconsistencies and no
further, are hereby repealed or modified to that extent necessary
to affect the provisions of this Ordinance.
SECTION 3. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause,
or phrase of this Ordinance is for any reason held to be invalid
or unconstitutional by a decision of any court of any competent
jurisdiction, such decision shall not affect the validity of the
remaining portions of this Ordinance. The City Council hereby
declares that it would have passed this Ordinance, and each and
every section, subsection, sentence, clause, or phrase not
declared invalid or unconstitutional without regard to whether
any portion of the Ordinance would be subsequently declared
invalid or unconstitutional.
- 9 -
.
.
.
SECTION 4. The Mayor shall sign and the City Clerk shall
attest to the passage of this Ordinance. The City Clerk shall
cause the same to be published once in the official newspaper
within 15 days after its adoption. This Ordinance shall become
effective after 30 days from its adoption.
SECTION 5. This Ordinance is declared to be an emergency
measure adopted pursuant to the provisions of City Charter
Section 615 and is necessary for preserving the public peace,
health, and safety. An emergency has been caused by the drought
conditions within the state of California and within the City of
,
Santa Monica, and there is a threatened water shortage within the
City of santa Monica. The enactment of a water reduction plan as
an emergency measure is necessary in order to preserve the public
peace, health, and safety. An emergency water conservation plan
is necessary to minimize the effect of the shortage of water
wi thin the City of Santa Monica and that such a plan will
significantly reduce the consumption of water, thereby extending
the available water required by the City of Santa Monica while
minimiz ing the hardship caused to the general publ io to the
greatest extent possible.
Pursuant to city Charter section
6l9(d), this Ordinance shall take effect and be in full force and
effect immediately after the passage and adoption thereof.
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
~ "'^' '~
ROBERT M. MYERS U
City Attorney
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Adopted and approved this 22nd day of May, 1990.
~1yr
I hereby certify that the foregoing Ordinance No. 1527(CCS)
was duly and regularly introduced at a meeting of the city
Council on the 22nd day of May 1990: that the said Ordinance was
thereafter duly adopted at a meeting of the City Council on the
22nd day of May 1990 by the following Council vote:
Ayes: Councilmembers: Abdo, Finkel, Genser, Jennings,
Katz, Reed, Mayor Zane
Noes: councilmembers: None
Abstain: Councilmembers: None
Absent: Councilmembers: None
ATTEST:
/.
~ /. /--:' ..~./~.... ;1
Jt:/" -?"l j Ydd i i -'- .
Ad!/?.IP2.. {1.. ~~~
--- r TCity Cle;X
c:; y-'
50Z-COO?---
SANTA MONICA BAY RESTORATION PROJECT
URBAN RUNOFF
OZONE PILOT PLANT STUD
AND REAL TIME MONITORIN
DEMONSTRATION PROJECT WORK
prepared by
city of Santa Monica
Department of General Services
City Engineers Office
July 1989
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 PROBLEM DEFINITION
1.1 Biological Problem
1.2 Chemical Problem
1.3 Potable Water Shortages
2.0 PROJECT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
2.1 Ozone Treatment Plant
2.2 Water Reclamation
2.3 Public Awareness of 5MBRP
3.0 TREATMENT OPTIONS
4.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
4.1 project status
4.2 Environmental Objectives
4.3 Scope of Work
4.3.1 Operation of the Ozone pilot Plant
4.3.2 Analysis of Disinfection Effectiveness
4.3.3 Analysis of Chemical Concentrations
4.3.4 Summary of Chemical QA Procedures
4.3.5 Educational and Community Outreach Programs
4.4 Deliverables
4.5 Schedule
4.6 Budgets
5.0 REPORTING
6.0 PROJECT REVIEW
7.0 BASIN AND NATIONWIDE APPLICABILITY
8.0 FINANCIAL PLAN FOR CCMP
9.0 PROJECT ORGANIZATION
2
1.0 PROBLEM DEFINITION
Among the 64 storm drains which terminate in the Santa Monica
Bay, several have been found to contain significant levels of
biological or chemical pollution, from a variety of non-point
sources. During a typical winter storm these systems convey many
millions of gallons of water into the ocean. However, during dry
weather, urban runoff, light industry, and illegal activities form
a year-round continuous efflux of contaminants into the bay. This
pattern is typical of the flood control systems in many urban
centers nationwide. At the Pico-Kenter drain, which serves parts
of both Santa Monica and Los Angeles cities, the effluent empties
directly onto the public beach and has been a consistent source of
trash, odors, biological and chemical contamination into the Santa
Monica Bay ecosystem.
1.1 Biological Problem
Mammalian fecal material, from animal and human sources, is
believed to contribute to the substantial amount of biological
contamination observed in the effluent from storm drains. On the
public beach below pico Blvd. people consistently walk through the
discharge from the Pico-Kenter drain and children have been known
to play in the ponds that are formed. The effluent consistently
exceeds the 1,000 coliforms per lOOml standard for recreational
waters with body contact (Title 17, Chapter 5, Group 10 of the Cal.
Admin. Code ), often by orders of magnitude. Figure 1 shows the
results of Most probable Number (MPN) analyses of the effluent
during April 1989, as determined by city of Los Angeles, Bureau of
SanitationJ Hyperion Treatment Plant. Following a storm on March
26th, a maximum level of 2,200,000 coliform organisms/lOa ml was
observed on April 1,'although levels were generally in the hundreds
of thousands per 100 ml level. The highest fecal coliform level
was observed on April 7th at 33,OOO/100ml with levels generally in
1
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the thousands per 100ml. Figure 2 similarly graphs the results
from September 1988 and illustrates an extreme example with a dry-
weather flow containing 9 million total and 1 million fecal
coliform organisms per 100ml. Little is known regarding viral
contamination, especially organisms of human health concern.
Although a variety of disinfection technologies are known,
most are expensive, would be ineffective, or form undesirable
hazardous by-products.
1.2 Chemical Problem
Both inorganic and organic contaminants have been detected in
the Pico-Kenter effluent. If we assume the construction of an
ocean outfall and typical dilution factors (50:1), the levels of
inorganic contaminants, such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, nickel, silver, and zinc, would probably remain below
California Ocean Plan Standards. However, further information on
the concentrations of elements such as sodium, calcium, and
magnesium are prerequisite to reclaiming this water for the purpose
of landscape irrigation.
One of the major contributions to dry-weather flow is garden
runoff which often contains leaves, grass clippings, fertilizers,
pesticides, and suspended or dissolved solids. Other anthropogenic
organics include occasional petroleum fuel spills, lubricants, and
solvents released from small businesses such as automotive repair
and print shops. Hydrocarbon spills during both 1985 and 1986
forced beach and water access closures in the vicinity of the storm
drain outlet. During 1986 the monthly chemical analysis of the
Pico-Kenter storm drain water, by Los Angeles County Public Works,
the halogentated solvents shown in table 1 were frequently detected
and while meeting appropriate standards they continue to contribute
to the contamination of the bay. Finally, many disinfection
3
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Table 1. Halogenated Solvents Detected in the Pico-Kenter storm
Drain during 1986. Concentrations in micrograms per Liter.
Bromo ChIoro Dichloro Dichloro Trichloro TetrachIoro
form form ethene methane ethene ethene
January ND NO NO ND ND NO
February ND ND NO NO NO NO
March 0.1 0.2 6.6 0.3 0.1 0.1
April 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1
May 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.1 NO
June ND NO NO ND ND ND
July NO 0.3 ND 1.6 NO NO
August ND NO NO ND NO ND
September ND 1.6 ND NO NO NO
October 0.7 0.3 ND ND ND NO
November 0.1 0.3 NO ND NO ND
December ND 0.3 NO ND NO ND
technologies form compounds that are hazardous, nescessitating that
rigorous analytical methodologies be included in any disinfection
study. The cautious evaluation of treatment methodologies requires
a thorough analytical approach designed to reduce the overall
emission of hazardous compounds into the Santa Monica Bay.
1.3 Potable Water Shortages
Like most Southern California communities, the City of Santa
Monica faces the prospect of potable water shortages brought on by
occasional droughts and increasing population demands throughout
the southwest. While recycling systems and demand reducing
programs and devices are being incorporated, reclaiming waters for
non-potable uses represent an important additional strategy. Once
treated for contaminants, the urban runoff contained in storm
sewers could well be used as a source of water for golf courses,
cemeteries, freeway landscapes, and road way greenbelts.
2.0 PROJECT GOALS ANO OBJECTIVES
5
As part of a substantial improvement program already planned
for the Pico-Kenter storm drain, this project seeks to test a
disinfection pilot treatment plant and test the effectiveness of
ozone in improving the quality of the dry weather effluent. Should
this system prove effective there exists the potential to
substantially reduce the level of contamination that is presently
being released into the Santa Monica Bay. Alternatively, the water
may represent an additional source of reclaimed water for use in
irrigating city landscapes and right of ways.
2.1 Ozone Treatment Plant
The major objective of this proposal is to evaluate the
feasibility of a treatment facility for disinfecting the dry
weather flow in the Pico-Kenter Storm Drain. Obtaining this
objective will require that the following goals be met:
1) Disinfection must result in reduced bacterial levels.
2) The ozone dose (concentration and contact time), required to
obtain the desired level of disinfection, needs to be
correlated to the ozone concentrations in the off gas or
treatment plant water effluent, so that a negative feedback
loop be developed.
3) The level of contaminants in the treatment plant influent
during dry-weather will need to be further characterized.
4) When comparing pre- and post-ozonation grab samples, using
doses around that required for disinfection, what
significant changes are observed in the concentration of the
chemical contaminants.
6
5) At the disinfection dosage, characterize as many ozone by-
products as feasible and estimate their concentrations.
This family of compounds may include hexavalent chromium,
C6-C12 aldehydes, carboxylic acids and peroxides.
6) Using resin accumulation and Ames assay methods, estimate
whether gross mutagenicity of the non-polar fraction has
been increased by disinfection using ozonation.
7) Cooperate with other studies (pathogen) in assessing the
effectiveness of storm drain characteristics and treatments.
2.2 Water Reclamation
At the conclusion of the study, the results of biological and
chemical analyses would be interpreted in terms of the potential
value of the effluent for alternate uses such as greenbelt
irrigation. This would specifically be interpreted in terms of
both biological (coliform) and chemical (hazardous chemicals and
salts) parameters. The objective being to provide baseline
information for assessing the potential usefulness of the effluent
for irrigation purposes.
2.3 Public Awareness of the 5MBRP
The goal of this phase of the project are three fold. First,
to show the people of Santa Monica and the Los Angeles Basin in
general, that their tax dollars are being used to prevent pollution
from reaching the bay. Second, as an educational facility to show
the realities of a small pilot scale plant operations and general
environmental and engineering principles to students. Finally, to
demonstrate to the scientific community the potential risks and
benefits that are likely to be encountered with this kind of
treatment facility and contaminant matrix.
7
3.0 TREATMENT OPTIONS
In addition to basic screening, seven treatment options were
initially evaluated for this project as shown in table 2 below.
Given the excessive levels of coliform organisms, disinfection
became the primary objective, suggesting that options 1, 5, 6, and
7 would achieve unsatisfactory results. The maintenance costs and
limited effectiveness of UV light in the very turbid storm drain
waters suggested that option 3 should also be discarded. The
remaining options (ozonation and Chlorination/dechlorination) were
then examined on the basis of drawbacks and attributes.
Table 2. Dry Weather Flow Treatment Alternatives (0.5 MGD).
-----------------~----~------------------------------------------
------~--~--~----~--~---------~-------~------------------~-------
Treatment Option
Treatment Affect
Construction Cost
l)Oil/Water Separator Removes oils & Grease $ 200,000
2)Ultra-Violet Light Disinfection, photolysis $ 400,000
3)Chlor/Dechlorination Disinfection, oxidation $ 850,000
4)Ozonation Disinfection, oxidation $ 800,000
5)Air Float/Sand Filter Oils, Grease, SuspendSolids $1,100,000
6)Air Stripping Volatile Organics $ 400,000
7)Activate Carbon Organics $ 400,000
The primary drawbacks to ozone, are energy cost of generation
and limited knowledge regarding by-product formation in this
matrix. Assuming a cost of 6 cents per Kw-hr and a treatment rate
of 10 PPM and a 5 min contact time ozone qeneration costs were
estimated at about $43,000 per year. Attributes included small
plant size, ease of plant shut down, limited potential for
hazardous material exposure, effectiveness as a chemical oxidant~
8
and low maintenance costs.
In contrast, chlorination/dechlorination is a hazardous
material that needs to be transported in and stored on site,
generating adverse public reaction. The plant size is
significantly larger due to long contact times and mUlti-step
operation. Chlorination produces a significant number of hazardous
by-products that would be released in the plant effluent. The
major attributes are known effectiveness and methodology.
Given the objective of reducing pollutant emissions into the
Santa Monica Bay ecosystem, ozonation appeared to have the most
potential for evaluation in a pilot scale plant and eventual full
scale implementation.
4.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
As part of a substantial improvement program already planned
for the P ico- Kenter storm drain, this proj ect seeks additional
funds to test the effectiveness of an ozone disinfection pilot
treatment plant to treat dry-weather flow. The results from this
study would then be used to determine whether the effluent is of
sufficient quality to permit either partial reclamation, further
treatment and partial reclamation or strictly release of the
treated effluent into Santa Monica Bay. Should this system prove
effective there exists the potential to substantially reduce the
level of contamination that is presently being released into the
Santa Monica Bay. The technologies developed during this study and
improvement program would be applicable in almost all areas where
storm drains exist.
Included within the planned improvement program is a real-time
monitoring system which will detect hazardous materials in the
9
storm drain and respond by initiating an alarm and closing a gate
at the drain outlet. Once the contaminant has been retained in
the storm drain reservoir, the material and contaminated water can
be removed by vacuum truck, analyzed, and either treated or
properly disposed of. A second prong of the project will be the
installation of a 1200 foot diversion pipeline that will redirect
the normal dry-weather flow from the beach below pico Boulevard
and out into the Bay. The monitoring system is presently being
tested and installation should begin in January 1990. A contract
for the diversion project should be issued during the summer of
1989. In conjunction with the proposed ozone treatment study,
these projects should result in a substantial decrease in
pollutants released into the Santa Monica Bay.
4.1 Project status
A pilot ozone treatment plant has been constructed in the City
of Santa Monica Transportation Yard and initial operations have
begun. The final modifications are being undertaken to install
stainless steel ozone flow lines and permit the use of dissolved
and gaseous ozone monitors to accurately quantify ozone dosage and
demand. The flow and schematic diagrams for ozone pilot plant are
included as figures 3 and 4. Initial operations are scheduled to
begin in July and will continue into September with preliminary
disinfection analyses to be undertaken and coordinated by the City
of Santa Monica. The continuance of operation and extent of
analyses conducted during later months will be determined by the
5MBRP funding requested in this proposal.
4.2 Environmental Objectives
The specific primary objective of the pilot plant study is to
determine the effectiveness of ozone in disinfecting the low-flow
or dry-weather storm drain water in the Pico-Kenter System, without
10
the substantial formation of hazardous by-products. Secondary
objectives include: 1) Chemically analyzing grab samples, pre- and
post-treatment, for the presence of hazardous substances and
monitoring their removal by the treatment system. 2) Estimating
the parameters that might limit the usefulness of the effluent as
source of reclaimed water for use in municipal landscaping.
ate contact time and ozone dosage rate to treat the storm drain
low flow level. Specific objectives include:
1) Disinfection must result in reduced bacterial levels,
hopefully lower than the title 22 reclaimed water standard
of 23/100 ml as a 7 day mean, but certainly below the ocean
plan guidelines for Body Contact in ocean (1,000/100 ml).
2) Further characterize the level of contaminants in the raw
plant influent/dry-weather flow using an intensive sampling
schedule with response to monitoring system output.
3} Compare pre- and post-ozonation grab samples, using doses
at and around the disinfection dosage, and observing
significant changes in chemical contaminant concentrations.
5) At the disinfection dosage, characterize as many ozone by-
products as feasible and estimate their concentrations.
This family of compounds could potentially include cr+6,
C6-C12aldehydes, carboxylic acids and peroxides.
6) Using Resin Accumulation and Ames Assay methods estimate
whether gross mutagenicity of the non-polar fraction has
been increased by disinfection using ozonation.
7) Cooperate with other studies (pathogen) in assessing the
effectiveness of storm drain characteristics and treatments.
11
\
since the storm drain water appears to meet most non-biologic
compliance guidelines, the majority of these objectives do not
describe a quantitative compliance goal. However, they do
represent progress toward improving the quality of the effluent
that empties into Santa Monica Bay and may be of particular
importance in planning future reclamation projects and assessing
the effectiveness of ozone in chemical remediation.
4.3 Scope of Work
Following the completion of the pilot plant modifications,
the City of Santa Monica will began conducting limited initial
analyses of the disinfection effectiveness of the ozone plant.
These are scheduled to be completed by mid-September. If funded
by the 5MBRP, this scope of work described below will be
implemented in mid September 1989, with analyses ending in March
1990. The final deliverables would be due in April 1990.
4.3.1 operation of the Ozone pilot Plant
The initial analyses completed by the City of Santa Monica
should produce a rough correlation between raw bacterial count,
administered ozone dose (concentration/contact time), ozone offgas
and effluent concentrations, and effluent bacterial counts.
Following receipt of proposal funding, additional staff will be
hired during mid-September and trained during the following two
weeks. Sampling for the proposed study would begin during the
first week of October 1989 and continue until March 1990. During
this period, the plant would be operated 5 days per week (to
include weekends) according to a temporally variable schedule.
During each day three sets of samples would be collected. Each set
would consist of before and after treatment samples for each of the
analyses to be undertaken. During each day, at least three sample
sets would be collected, emphasizing the influence of changing the
contact time and ozone concentration variables and observing the
12
resultant affect on disinfection, offgas and effluent ozone
concentration and chemical composition. Unusual occurrences
(spills, chemical detection by sensors, etc.) would result in
additional unscheduled testing, when possible. This schedule is
expected to produce substantial information on typical and
irregular source contaminants and concentrations. Based on the
recommendations of the February review board meeting, a final
spiking study could be undertaken in late March just prior to plant
decommission. During this phase of the project, a limited number
of likely chemical contaminants, chosen in consultation with the
review board, would be added to the above ground holding tank at
moderate concentrations (PPM) then treated using optimal, and
extreme, ozone concentrations and contact times. Depending on the
recommendation of the RWQCB, the contaminated water could be
released and diluted with storm water, or held and treated with
GAC prior to release. Substantial hazardous materials would be
disposed of using the city of Santa Monica Disposal Program.
4.3.2 Analysis of Disinfection Effectiveness
The primary Objective of the this project is to demonstrate
the effectiveness of ozone in disinfection of the storm drain
water. The analysis of total and fecal coliform organisms will be
performed using the Colilert test system from Access Analytical
Systems. This analysis can be performed using pre-sterilized
equipment and dilution standards and will yield a standard Most
Probable Number (MPN) per 100 mI. of sample. The results are
available after 24 hours of testing. Samples will be collected in
5 ml sterile polyethylene culture tubes and refrigerated until
tested. Culturing should normally begin within 6 hours of
collection; but would not exceed the 30 hours suggested in Standard
Methods. Preparation, incubation and analysis would occur at the
trailer site using the QA procedures suggested by the manufacturer.
This includes weekly testing for contamination and the culturing
of indicator organisms. Analysis of the results will compare log
13
reduction in culture counts and relate this information back to
dose, contact time, and effluent ozone concentrations. Screening
for disinfection of other pathogens is not presently planned, but
could be undertaken in conjunction with, or at the request of,
other study groups.
4.3.3 Analysis of Chemical Concentrations
The chemical analysis effort will be directed toward
characterizing the pre- and post-ozone samples as thoroughly as
possible, with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness of
ozone in chemical remediation of storm water constituents.
The issue of ozone by-product formation will also be addressed
using the GC/MS methods described in a later section. The results
from these analyses will be analyzed in terms of both ocean
effluent standards and potential for reclamation of the treatment
plant effluent.
since ozone is likely to have little effect on metals, we
would like to use a broad screen analytical method that includes
regulated metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead,
nickel, silver, and zinc, but also horticulturally important ones
such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous. The
Laboratory of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences (LBES) at UCLA
operates a simultaneous Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission
Spectrometry (ICP-AES) which follows EPA method 200.7 and is
calibrated using rCAP standards from EPA Environmental Monitoring
Support Laboratory (EMSL). While these units are generally
unacceptable for the analysis of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead
and selenium, a recent report by T.J. Johnson and others (American
Laboratory 21(5) :112) describes and markets an Ultrasonic Nebulizer
that reportedly reduces the detection limit to 3, 0.4, 0.5, 2, and
2 ugjL respectively. The present detection limit (ugjL) for the
other metals analyzed, are as follows: AI, 177; Ba, 24: Be, 1.5;
B, 25: Ca, 23: co, 26; Cu, 20: Fe, 19; Li, 370: Mg, 1.0; Mn, 1.4:
14
Mo, 29: Ni, 36: P, 390: K, 1260: Si, 640: Ag, 14: Na, 150: Sr, 20:
Sn, 270: Ti, 3.2, V, 9, Zn, 56. It is expected the nebulizer would
also reduce the detection limits for these elements. LBES appears
willing to provide 50% matching funds toward the $18,000 price of
the unit and maintain their charge of $8.S0/sample for the duration
of the project. Assuming $350 for a full Iep scan (or $50 for As,
Cd, Cr, Pb and Se) our break even point is 1 week (8 weeks) into
the study period. These samples would be collected in precleaned
polyethylene vials with enough ACS Nitric Acid to reduce the pH to
less than 2 and refrigerated at 40C until analyzed. The analyses
would be performed monthly well within the EPA recommended holding
time of six months. Blanks will be prepared using milli-QR water.
The post-treatment sample might be dropped following the November
review board meeting if data continues to suggest that metal
concentrations are not affected by ozone.
The 5MBRP advisory committee has suggested that we should
extensively test for the transformation of chromium into the
hexavalent form. EPA method 218.5 is an a furnace atomic
absorption method that includes a 10 fold concentration and a
detection limit of 5 ug/L and can be undertaken at the city of
Santa Monica Water Department. Using the same extraction method,
but performing the analysis using nebulizer/ICP-AES, should result
in a detection limit between 2.0 and 0.1 ug/L at a cost of about
$25 per sample. Samples are collected without preservative in 50
ml poly vials and must be extracted within 24 hours of collection.
Analyses would be conducted at least 1 per day at the most
aggressive ozone dose until reviewed at the November review board
meeting. The commercial cost of this analysis is $50 per sample.
The City of Santa Monica has arranged for volatile organic
analyses to be performed using their water department Hewlett-
Packard Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer with Tekmar Purge and
Trap system. The unit is presently equipped with a packed column
15
and jet separator. This analysis will be based on EPA method 624
(suggested in the title XXII regulations) which analyzes for the
compounds shown on the attached table with representative detection
limits. This analysis will be used to monitor the removal of
compounds in the water phase including several chlorinated solvents
and gasoline constituents. In order to handle the proposed sample
load we should upgrade the system to minibore (.25mm) capillary
columns, with a 2000 series purge and trap unit, multisampler, and
cryofocusing unit. The total cost is about $20,000 but some
matching funds may be available. The upgrade should permit us to
perform the more extensive 524.2 analysis. Samples will be
collected in 40 ml amber VOA bottles and refrigerated at 40C until
analysis the EPA hold time for method 624 is 14 days and will be
observed. Cal ibration standards will be purchased from a reputable
supplier using EPA traceable materials. A half time GC/MS operator
would be required at approximately $10,000 for 6 months.
Additionally consumable supplies (syringes, standards, gases,
filters, etc.) would total about $5,000. The estimated cost for
Santa Monica is about $35,000. Commercial prices for this analysis
range from $200 - 300 per sample.
A second type of GC/MS analysis is for extractable, or semi-
volatile, organics compounds using EPA method 625 or a more
recent version of the same methodology. The compounds analyzed
by this method are shown in attached table with detection limits.
The analysis may be upgraded to more applicable analytical and
extraction methods based on initial performance evaluations and
detection limits. Analyses may be performed using the city of
Santa Monica water department Hewlett-Packard Gas
Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer or, depending on availability,
using a more sensitive Finnigan system operated by the Institute
of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at UCLA. This analysis will
be used to monitor the removal of compounds in the water phase.
Samples will be collected in clean 1 liter amber borosilicate
16
bottles with 2% methylene chloride as preservative and will be
refrigerated until extracted within the 7 day hold and 40 day
analysis constraint for compliance. Calibration standards will
be purchased from a reputable supplier using EPA traceable
materials. A half time GCjMS operator would be required at
approximately $10,000 for 6 months. The final estimate of
extraction costs will need to be adjusted for the final
methodology, but an estimate of $7,000 is reasonable.
17
Table 3. Compounds Analyzed Using Method 624 for Volatile organic
Compounds and Representative Method Detection Limits in (ugjL).
nd = Not Determined During EPA Method Development study.
Analyte
--~-~~-------~~----~-----~-~-~-----------------------~----~------
-------------------------~-------~-----~-~-----------------------
Method 624
D. L. (ugjL)
Benzene
Bromofluorobenzene (Surr)
Bromomethane
Carbon Disulfide
Chlorobenzene
2-ChloroEthylVinylEther
Chloromethane
1,I-Dichloroethane
l,l-Dichloroethene
1,2-Dichloropropane
trans-l,3-Dichloropropene
2-Hexanone
4-Methyl-2-Pentanone
1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
Toluene
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichlorofluoromethane
Vinyl Chloride
nd
nd
nd
nd
6.0
nd
nd
4.7
2.8
6.0
nd
nd
nd
6.9
6.0
5.0
nd
nd
Analyte
Method 624
D. L. (ugjL)
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
2-Butanone
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroethane
Chloroform
Dibromochlorornethane
1,2-oichloroethane
trans-l,2-Dichloroethene
cis-l,3-Dichloropropene
Ethylbenzene
Methylene Chloride
styrene
Tetrachloroethene
1, 1, I-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethene
vinyl Acetate
O-Xylene
2.2
4.7
nd
2.8
4.6
1.6
3.1
2.8
1.6
5.0
7.2
2.8
nd
4.1
3.8
1.9
nd
nd
Additionally consumable supplies (syringes, standards, gases,
filters, solvents etc.) would total about $5,000. Assuming the
previous GCjMS upgrades, the estimated cost for Santa Monica is
about $20,000. Commercial prices for this analysis are
approximately $400 per sample.
Organochlorine pesticide and PCB's would be analyzed following
EPA method 608 as listed in the attached table with representative
detection limits. The analysis may be upgraded to more applicable
extraction methods based on initial performance evaluations using
recent solid-phase and disk-filter extraction methods. Analyses
will be performed using a Varian dual capillary column GC with
Electron capture Detectors presently available through the LBES at
UCLA. The unit is presently being used for method 60S analyses and
has shown detection limits exceeding EPA specifications. Samples
will be collected in clean 1 liter amber borosilicate bottles with
18
2% methylene chloride as preservative and will be refrigerated
until extracted within the 7 day hold and 40 day analysis
constraint for compliance. Calibration standards will be purchased
from a reputable supplier using EPA traceable materials. Analysis
costs would vary depending on the extraction method chosen and
analysis volume, but are estimated at $100 per sample. Commercial
costs for this analysis are approximately $175 per sample.
19
Table 4. Compounds Analyzed Using Method 625 for Extractable
Organic Compounds and EPA Method Detection Limits in (ug/L).
N/A = Not Analyzed During EPA Method Development study.
Analyte
-----------------~--~--------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------~---------~-------~-------
Analyte
Method 625
D.L. (ugjL)
Method 625
D. L. (ugjL)
Acenaphthene 1.9
Aniline NIA
Azobenzene N/A
Benzo(a) anthracene 2.5
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 2.5
Benzo(ghi)perylene 4.1
Benzyl Butyl Phthalate 2.5
Bis(2-chloroethyl) Ether 5.7
Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) Ether5.7
4-Chloroaniline N/A
4-Chlorophenyl-phenyl Ether4.2
Dibenzo(a,h) anthracene 2.5
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1.9
l,4-Dichlorobenzene 4.4
Diethyl Phthalate 1.9
Di-n-Butyl Phthalate 2.5
2,6-Dinitrotoluene 1.9
Fluoranthene 2.2
2-Fluorobiphenyl (Surr) N/A
Hexachlorobutadiene 0.9
Hexachloroethane 1.6
Isophorone 2.2
Naphthalene 1.6
3-Nitroaniline N/A
Nitrobenzene 1.9
N-Nitrosodimethylamine nd
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine nd
Pyrene 1.9
1, 2, 4-Trichlorobenzene 1.9
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 3.0
2,4-Dichlorophenol 2.7
2,4-0initrophenol 42.
2-Methyl-4,6-dinitropheno124.
4-Methylphenol NjA
4-Nitrophenol 2.4
Phenol 1.5
2,4,6-Tribromophenol (Surr)N/A
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 2.7
Acenaphthylene 3.5
Anthracene 1.9
Benzidine 44.
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 4.8
Benzo(a)pyrene 2.5
Benzyl Alcohol N/A
Bis(2-chloroethoxy) Methane5.3
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate2.5
4-Bromophenyl-phenyl Ether 1.9
2-Chloronaphthalene 1.9
Chrysene 2.5
Dibenzofuran N/A
l,3-Dichlorobenzene 1.9
3,3-0ichlorobenzidine 16.5
Dimethyl Phthalate 1.6
2,4-Dinitrotoluene 5.7
Di-n-octyl Phthalate 2.5
Fluorene 1.9
Hexachlorobenzene 1.9
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene nd
Indeno(1,2,3,4-c,d)pyrene 3.7
2-Methylnaphthalene NjA
2-Nitroaniline N/A
4-Nitroaniline N/A
Nitrobenzene-dS (Surr) NjA
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine 1.9
Phenanthrene 5.4
4-Terphenyl-d14 (Surr) NjA
Benzoic Acid MIA
2-Chlorophenol 3.3
2,4-Dimethylphenol 2.7
2-Fluorophenol (Surr) N/A
2-Methylphenol NjA
2-Nitrophenol 3.6
Pentachlorophenol 3.6
Phenol-d6 (Surr) N/A
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol N/A
20
Table 5. Compounds Analyzed Using Method 608 for Organochlorine
Pesticides and PCBls and EPA Method Detection Limits in (ugjL).
nd = not determined during EPA Method Development Study.
Analyte
-------------~------~---------~--~----------------------~--------
---------------------------------~~-----~-------------~----------
Analyte
Method 608
D.L. (ug/L)
Method 608
D. L. (ugjL)
Aldrin
gamma-BHC
delta-BHC
4,4'-000
4,41-DDT
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan Sulfate
Endrin Aldehyde
Heptachlor Epoxide
PCB-I016
PCB-1232
PCB-1248
PCB-1260
0.004
0.009
0.009
0.011
0.012
0.014
0.066
0.023
0.083
nd
nd
nd
nd
alpha-BHC
beta-BHC
Chlordane
4,41-DDE
Dieldrin
Endosulfan II
Endrin
Heptachlor
Toxaphene
PCB-1221
PCB-1242
PCB-1254
0.003
0.009
0.014
0.004
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.003
0.024
nd
0.065
nd
Total Organic Carbon would be analyzed using a Dohrman
analyzer purchased through LBES and presently on loan to the Civil
Engineering Department of UCLA. This unit is based on EPA Method
415.2 and uses permanganate oxidation followed by carbon dioxide
detection and has a detection limit of around 1 mg/L. The samples
would be collected in clean amber 40ml VOA bottles with nitric acid
as preservative, then refrigerated at 40C until analysis.
Manufacturer specification would be followed. This analysis could
be especially important in determining required ozone disinfection
doses and maybe amenable to other phases of Pico-Kenter storm drain
project. Analysis costs are estimated at less than $5/sample.
Total organic Halogen would be analyzed using a Dohrman TOX
analyzer purchased through LBES and presently on loan to the Civil
Engineering Department of UCLA. This unit extracts the organic
compounds in 100 ml of water onto activated carbon, then
incinerates the carbon releasing halogen ions which are then
automatically titrated and detected at around 10 ug/L. The samples
would be collected in clean amber 125ml VOA bottles with nitric
21
acid as preservative, then refrigerated at
Manufacturer specification would be followed.
estimated at $20jsample.
40C until analysis.
Analysis costs are
The resin accumulation/Ames mutation analysis could be very
important in detecting whether the formed ozone by-products are
themselves hazardous. This method extracts the non- or semi- polar
compounds from large volumes of water onto micro-reticular resins.
The organic compounds are solvent eluted in the laboratory, then
concentrated into a small volume of DMSO. This extract is then
administered to bacteria and cultured. Mutations rates are
positively correlated with the number of resulting colonies. While
this method does not identify individual mutation causing
compounds, it does provide a coarse estimate of mutagen abundance
that would be missed by more traditional chemical analyses. The
estimated cost $200-250 per analysis. Based on the results of the
analysis, it may become desirable to fractionate the extract and
attempt to further isolate the active fractions and compounds.
This is a difficult procedure and the option will not be furthered
explored until after initial results are available and discussed
with the review board during the February meeting.
4.3.4 Summary of Chemical QA Procedures
Sample collections and analyses will follow attempt to follow
the EPA document entitled Guidance for Preparation of QA Project
Plans for the National Estuary Program. Modifications may be
required based on final analytical methods, equipment manufacturers
recommendations and sampling schedules. suggested collection
devices, preservation methods, and holding times are presented in
table 5. Approximately 10% of the analyses will be analyzed in
duplicate with 5% being spiked matrix: samples or laboratory control
standards. Travel Blanks will be prepared weekly or at a frequency
of 5%. A final QA plan will be submitted to the review board
following determination of 5MBRP funding support.
22
Table 6. Proposed sampling Containers, Preservation, and
Compliance Criteria For Analyses Performed During
Ozone Pilot Plant Studies.
====~============================~=====================~=========
Analytical
Method
Metals 200.7
cr+6 218. 5
Pest. 608
VOA 624/524
Semi-Vol 625
TOearbon
TOHalogen
ResinAccAmes
Colif/fecal
Sampling
Container
Analysis
criteria
Method of Extraction
Preservation criteria
20 ml Poly
50 ml Poly
1 L BS glass
40ml BSglass
1 L BS glass
40ml BSglass
125mlBSglass
Non-routine,
5ml sterile
N/A 6 months
24 hours 6 months
7 days 40+7 days
NIA 14-5 days
7 days 40+7 days
N/A "minimum"
N/A 1Iminimum"
be refrigerated or frozen
N/A 30 hours
pH< 2 HN03
None
2% CHzClz
pH<2 Hel
2 % CHzC12
pH< 2HzS04
pH< 2 HN03
sample will
N/A
-----------------------------------------------------------------
---------------~-------~~---------~-----------~------------------
4.3.5 Educational and Community Outreach Programs
The goals of this phase of the project are three fold. First,
to show the people of Santa Monica and the Los Angeles Basin in
general, that their tax dollars are being used to prevent pollution
from reaching the bay. Second, as an educational facility to show
the realities of a small pilot scale plant operations and general
environmental and engineering principles to students. Finally, to
demonstrate for other professionals the potential risks and
benefits that are likely to be encountered with this kind of
treatment facility and contaminant matrix.
The first objective would be met through the production of a
video by the city of Santa Monica Cable Television Department.
This presentation would expand on an earlier award winning
production regarding the storm drain system and introduce the
treatment and prevention systems that are being incorporated into
the Pico-Kenter storm drain system. The video would present
information on the societal and environmental costs of illegal
dumping, the hazards associated with contaminants found in urban
runoff, how ozone works to treat polluted waters, the sensor system
network, the dry-weather diversion system, and hazardous material
response network. The video would credit the RWQCB, cities of
23
Santa Monica and Los Angeles, and County of Los Angeles for their
contribution to preventing pOllution and restoring the Santa Monica
Bay ecosystem. copies would be made available to public and
private television stations as well as educational institutions.
university class tours have already been conducted and other
academic institutions would be welcomed in the future. This
facility would be of special interest to engineering, environmental
and urban planning programs. University students in particular
would be recruited to participate in analytical program of this
proj ect. Technology transfers would be undertaken through the
presentation of our results at scientific and engineering
conferences and the publication of papers in reputable journals and
conference proceedings.
4.4 Deliverables
During, or at the conclusion of the project, the regional
water quality control board would be presented with a substantial
record demonstrating the accomplishments of the project. Included
would be the following:
1) An interim sampling schedule and QA plan.
2) Monthly progress reports and quarterly review reports.
3) The raw disinfection and chemical data base on diskette (in
Dbase III/IV or similar PC accessible format).
4) Relevant data excerpts including mean levels and plots of
contaminant concentration levels over the project.
5) A summation of QA activities and results.
6) Public outreach video, plant visitation records, proposed
publications and conferences for technical presentations.
7) Project Final Report.
4.5 Schedule
24
The following preliminary schedule is proposed for completing
the scope of work and deliverables:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6}
7}
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
Complete installation of pilot plant
Begin initial disinfection studies
Order supplies and interview personnel for project
Submit interim sampling schedule and QA plan
Hire personnel, begin training and equipment checkout
Begin proposed, project funded, pilot plant studies
Review board members receive November quarterly
November review board/study group meeting 8:00AM
Adjust sampling routine & schedule in response to AC
Begin production of public awareness video
Review board members receive February quarterly
February review board/study group meeting 8:00AM
Respond to review board comments and requests
Completion of Public Awareness video
Prepare for spiking study based on board comments
spiking study undertaken, begin plant decommission
Complete all chemical and disinfection analyses
Submit draft final report to review board
May review board meeting at 8:00 AM
Submit final report and remaining deliverables
8/1/89
7/15/89
9/1/89
9/11/89
9/18/89
10/1/89
11/13/89
11/16/89
12/4/89
1/8/90
2/5/90
2/8/90
2/19/90
3/1/90
3/90
3/27/90
4/2/90
4/30/90
5/3/90
5/18/90
The City of Santa Monica proposes to spend $70,000 in
construction, operation, and analysis of the ozone pilot plant
during the period between June 1989 and May 1990. This is in
addition to an expected cost of $10,000 for the production of a
video, reviewing the combined storm drain program, and $120,000 for
the development of a storm drain monitoring system to prevent
spills from entering the Santa Monica Bay from the Pico-Kenter
watershed. The city of Santa Monica is seeking an additional
4.6 Budgets
25
$150,000, from the Santa Monica Bay Restoration Project, to:
1} Study the feasibility of ozone as a bacterial disinfectant
for dry-weather storm water flows.
2} Perform chemical analyses to assess the effectiveness, and
by-product formation, of zonated storm drain water.
3) Assess the biological and chemical content of the zonated
effluent for potential reclamation in landscape irrigation.
A summary of the budget sources and proposed performance
expenditures are presented in table 5.
26
Table 5. Budget Sources and Proposed Expenditures for the Pico-
Kenter storm drain Ozone Disinfection pilot Plant study.
Funding Source/Expenditure Categories
===~=====~=~============~=~=~~==~========~=======:===~~~~===~~~:=
5MBRP
Santa Monica
-----------------------------------------------------------------
City of Santa Monica Ozone pilot Plant $
City of Santa Monica Video Production $
City of Santa Monica stormdrain Monitors$
LBES[ UCLA Ultrasonic Nebulizer $
5MBRP Ozone Disinfection pilot Plant study
70,000
10,000
120,000
9,000
$150,000
Individual Funding Source Totals
-----------------------------------------------------------------
$150,000
- - --_.:.: : : .. .' . ~ - -
. I I I I I
Personnel-Civil Eng. Assist. (a+3)x100% $
Personnel-Graduate Researchers 4@7x 50% $
Travel
Equipment-Gas & Dissolved Ozone Monitors$
Equipment-Rental of Ozone Plant 6 months
Equipment-Cryogenic Purge & Trap samplerS
Equipment-Ultrasonic Nebulizer $LBES
Equipment-Portable Lap Top computer
Analyses-Coliform/Fecal coliform @$35 $
Analyses-Metals EPA Method 200.7 @$lO $
Analyses-cr.6 EPA Method 218.5/ICP @$25
Analyses-Pesticides EPA Method 608 @$80
Analyses-VOA EPA Method 624/524.2 @$60 $
Analyses-Semi-Volatile 625 @$140
Analyses-Total Organic Carbon @$5 $
Analyses-Total Organic Halogen @$20
Analyses-Resin Accumulation/Ames @$200
Supplies-Gases
Supplies-Glassware
Supplies-Standards
Supplies-GC Capillary Columns
Supplies-Office/Telephone/Miscellaneous $
City of Santa Monica Public Access VideoS
City of Santa Monica Stormdrain Monitors$
$
209[000
$ 10,000
$ 26,000
$ 2,000
$ 9,000
$ 11,000
$ 9,000
$ 2,000
$ 27,000
$ 7,000
$ 7,000
$ 5[760
$ 9,000
$ 3,360
$ 3,750
$ 2,000
$ 4,800
$ 2,000
$ 2,000
$ 2,000
$ 2,000
$ 3,330
eotal Budget Expenditures
-----------------------------------------------------------------
$150,000
, ~..
27
27,000
9,000
13,000
8,500
9,000
5,500
2,000
3,240
810
950
10,000
120,000
$
209,000
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8
5.0 REPORTING
After rece1v1ng tentative funding approval, the city civil
Engineering Assistant will prepare a tentative Sampling Schedule
and QA/QC plan. This will be submitted to the review board, or a
designee selected by the RWQCB, by September 11, 1990. Beginning
with the month that 5MBRP funds are received by the city of Santa
Monica, monthly progress reports will be prepared and sent to the
review board during the first week following the month of interest.
Progress reports will include a discussion of the activities
conducted during the month, schedule compliance, problems
encountered and their resolution. Conclusions and recommendations
received from the review board will be summarized in subsequent
progress reports. As described in section 4.5, quarterly reports
will be sent to the review board on November 13, 1989 and February
5, 1990. Quarterly reports will briefly reiterate the information
contained in the monthly reports with the addition of some data
presentations and financial reporting. The board will also receive
a draft final report on April 30, 1990 to be followed by the final
report on May 18, 1990.
6.0 PROJECT REVIEW
The primary purpose of the review board meetings on November
18, 1989 and February 8, 1990 will be to conduct a review of the
project and provide the board members with an opportunity to
discuss the direction of the work plan and redirect the objectives
and its relationship to the proposed study goals and objectives.
Members of the review board will be requested to summarize their
recommendations and observations in a brief memorandum. The review
board will also be provided with the opportunity to comment on the
issues and results discussed in the draft final report at the May
3, 1990 meeting.
29
The technical review board will consist of five
representatives from the Santa Monica Bay Restoration Project
Management Committee, the 5MBRP Technical Advisory Committee, or
the 5MBRP staff and will be responsible for reviewing the progress
of the study. The board will be provided with monthly progress
reports as outlined in section 5.0 and is expected to meet with
project participants as described in the previous paragraph.
7.0 BASIN AND NATIONWIDE APPLICABILITY
This project would demonstrate the feasibility of using ozone,
as an alternative to traditional treatment facilities, to disinfect
and treat many of the 64 drains that are tributary to Santa Monica
Bay, and has application to storm drains nationwide. The use of
ozone as a disinfectant is unquestionably a cutting edge technology
in the United states and has resulted in a revolution that is
moving through the water treatment industry. Given that coastal
and riverfront land often provides a major recreational resource
and important municipal tax base, compact treatment facilities are
likely to increase in importance as additional Clean Water
Legislation is incorporated. Ozonation appears to be an especially
attractive treatment method, since it is generated at the time of
use, requires no storage or transport of hazardous chemicals, has
low maintenance requirements, and can be controlled and generated
electronically. This technology also has promise for the
production of reclaimed water for use in landscape irrigation,
thereby releasing potable water to other higher valued uses. This
project would demonstrate the commitment of all levels of
government to finding methods that will minimize or prevent the
continued contamination of Santa Monica Bay and lead to a long term
improvement in the bay ecosystem. If implemented, the positive
effects of this technology in the reduction of pathogens will be
30
"
enj oyed by beach lovers throughout the Los Angeles Basin for
generations to come.
8.0 FINANCIAL PLAN FOR CCMP
If the ozonation treatment methodologies proves successful,
the technology is SUfficiently flexible to facilitate scaling
plants for almost any desired treatment rate and therefore can be
easily applied basin and nationwide. In the context of the Pico-
Kenter Project. Initial studies suggest that the construction cost
of the ozone facility would be approximately $800,000. Assuming
an ozone dose of 10 mgjl, continuously facility operation at 0.5
MGD, and electricity costs of 6 cents per Kw-Hr, the estimated cost
of compressing air and generating ozone is $43,000 per year. Ozone
generation costs are basically linear throughout the dosage range
being considered in the 5MBRP. The final report will include a
brief economic evaluation including energy costs and scaling
factors to facilitate others in preparing economic evaluations
applicable to their speciflc site requirements and comparisons to
other treatment methods.
9.0 PROJECT CONTACT
The City of Santa Monica will be the lead agency in
coordinating and implementing the work outlined in this proposal.
The City Engineers Office will be responsible for procuring all
equipment and supplies, overseeing project progress, coordinating
completion of the work plan, and integrating the study findings
into a final report. Key contact members for the work plan are Mr.
Desi Alvarez and Mr. Gerald Greene. correspondence can be sent to
them at City of Santa Monica, Engineering Dept. Room #112, 1685
Main st., santa Monica, CA 90401-3295. They can also be reached
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at (213) 458-8721. Facsimiles can be directed to them via (213)
394-2962.
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